Abstract
Different alternative approaches of antagonistic bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum, T. Viride, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plant resistance inducers, Calcium chloride, Potassium monohydrogen phosphate, Potassium bicarbonate, Saccharin, Ascorbic acid, Chitosan and Humic & Folic acid (mixture) in addition to thyme oil were applied as plant spray to evaluate their efficacy against vegetables foliar diseases incidence was carried under open greenhouse conditions. The recorded foliar diseases, i.e. Powdery, Downy mildews of Cucumber, Cantaloupe and Pepper as well as Early, Late blights of Tomato were significantly reduced at all treatments either alone or in combinations comparing with untreated plants. Application with either T. harzianum or B. subtilis showed significant reduction in diseases incidence comparing with the other applied bio-agents. The other bio-agent treatments, T. viride, P. fluorescens and S. cerevisiae recorded moderate reduction in this concern. Under artificial infestation the most significant reduction in foliar diseases incidence and severity of tested vegetables were recorded in combined treatments of combined chemical inducers and S. cerevisiae, i.e. (Chitosan+Thyme oil); (Chitosan+Saccharin); (Chitosan+Calcium chloride+S. cerevisiae); (Chitosan+Potassium monohydrogen phosphate); (Saccharin+Potassium monohydrogen phosphate); (Humic & folic+Thyme oil) and (Chitosan+S. cerevisiae) comparing with other applied treatments as well as untreated control. The present review summarizes studies aimed to evaluate different control measures of fungicides alternatives approachs, e.g. some plant resistance inducers, essential oils and bio-control agents on the foliar diseases incidence of some vegetables under greenhouse and plastic house conditions. This work was carried out during a project supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt.
Highlights
Greenhouse operations have been viewed by many as a means to diversify and improve farm income
Thyme oil applied alone or in combination showed effective reduction in foliar diseases incidence more than 50%, complete reduction in Tomato Early and Late blights was recorded in Thyme oil combined with either S. cerevisiae or Humic & Folic acid
The preliminarily recorded results in the present review showed that foliar spray with bio-agents can have a considerable activity against Powdery and Downy mildews of Cucumber, Cantaloupe, Pepper and Early, Late blights of Tomato under open greenhouse conditions
Summary
Greenhouse operations have been viewed by many as a means to diversify and improve farm income. These new growers are trying to take advantage of vegetable crop production which, in general, has higher return per unit area than agronomic crops. Plant diseases represent an important role of growing vegetables under protected cultivation system and considered a serious problem and limiting factor for their production. Vegetables production in Egypt, is threatened by a large number of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases as well as by pests and insects vectors viral diseases which cause considerable loss in Egyptian quantitative and qualitative vegetables yield. Plant diseases continue to cause severe damage to most agricultural crops during different stages of plant growth resulting in heavy losses of both yield and quality. Considering the regularity with which most serious diseases of crop plants appear in an area year after year, the rapid spread of most plant disease, and the difficulty of curing a disease after it has begun to develop
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