Abstract
Bioactive molecules of plant origin play a significant role as defensive agents in different insect species. Chemical compounds in medicinal plants have been an exciting alternative to standard methods of controlling mosquito larvae. The present study evaluates the different solvent extracts of D. hamiltonii for toxicity against three different mosquito larvae. Bioassay revealed that the effect of the methanol extracts increased the larval mortality with increasing concentration. The highest larval mortality was observed in Culex quinquefasciatus with 98.33%, followed by 95 and 90% mortality in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, at 24 h exposure. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of D. hamiltonii showed six major peak compounds. They are benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-(10.35%), dodecanoic acid (11.02%), n-hexadecanoic acid (21.05%), linoleic acid methyl ester (14.20%), oleic acid (21.04%), octadecanoic acid (22.21%). The level of α and β Carboxylesterases gets significantly decreased post-treatment with the methanol extract of D. hamiltonii in a dose-dependent manner.In contrast, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) levels get up-lifted steadily when the dosage gets increased. The ratio of GST level has drastically proclaimed to in Ae. aegypti 0.702 mg/m Lin parallel to Cx. quiquefasciatus (0.656 mg/mL) and An. stephensi (0.812 mg/mL). Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity was observed to increase significantly post-treatment with the sub-lethal dosage of methanol extract of D. hamiltonii. Correspondingly, the non-target screening against the aquatic predators reveals that the crude root extracts and their derivatives are ecologically safe and less toxic. Overall, the present research highlights the chemical characterization of crude methanol extracts of D. hamiltonii, their insecticidal activity against the medically challenging pests, and their non-target activity delivers an ecologically safe, and target specific bio-active agents and suitable substitute for chemical pesticides.
Highlights
Mosquitoes act as a principal vector for many diseases that affect humans and other beneficial animals
Plant extracts enriched with novel phytochemicals, many of them displayed targeted action against mosquito larvae [32,33,34]
Chemical characterization of methanol extract of D. hamiltonii displayed six major compounds with higher peak area percentage observed in octadecanoic acid followed by oleic acid
Summary
Mosquitoes act as a principal vector for many diseases that affect humans and other beneficial animals. It is estimated that the >10,000 death rate was recorded due to arthropods, especially medically challenging mosquito vectors [1]. The key diseases spread by mosquito vectors include Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Chikungunya, Schistosomiasis, and Japanese encephalitis [2]. Allergic reactions in humans, including local skin allergy and systematic reactions like angioedema [3]. The dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is widespread in the areas of tropical and subtropical nations. The incidence of Dengue fever has risen quadruple in 1970, with an estimate of over 50 percent of 1.5 billion people living in regions with a risk of dengue transmission, which is almost half of the world’s population [4].
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