Abstract
Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is one of the main pests of fruit farming, and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) represent an important control tool of this species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of different isolate against A. fraterculus larvae and adults. Bioassays were performed using a suspension of three isolates of Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 and Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 at six concentrations (control - without nematodes), 50, 150, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 infective juveniles (IJs)/mL of water per 3º instar larvae. It was verified the susceptibility of larvae of A. fraterculus to isolates of EPNs and a significant increase of the pupal mortality in the function of the concentration of IJs inoculated by larva (above 75%). After the dissection of pupae and adults of A. fraterculus from infected larvae, the concentration of 1500 IJs/mL of EPNs provided the highest rate of multiplication of IJs by insect, equating to maximum concentration tested 1500 IJs/mL. Adults of A. fraterculus from larvae infected with EPNs longevity of five days, being less than adults from uninfected larvae by IJs (135 days). H. amazonensis IBCB 24, S. carpocapsae IBCB 02, and S. feltiae IBCB 47 proved to be promising as agents of biological control of A. fraterculus.
Highlights
The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main fruit-growing pests in South America, spread from the southern United States to northern Argentina
We observed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the susceptibility of A. fraterculus larvae depending on the concentration of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) isolate evaluated, S. carpocapsae IBCB 02 (F= 27.15; d.f= 6; P > 0.001), H. amazonensis IBCB 24 (F= 33.455; d.f= 6; P > 0.001) and S. feltiae IBCB 47 (F= 38.715; d.f= 6; P > 0.001), providing high pupae mortality at the maximum concentration tested (1500 infective juveniles (IJs)/ml) (Figure 1)
The isolated S. carpocapsae IBCB 02, the concentration of 300 IJs/ml was significantly similar (P = 0.05) the maximum concentration evaluated, 1500 IJs/ml (Figure 1). It was verified for the isolated S. feltiae IBCB 47 at the concentration of 1000 IJs/ml, equating to be statistically (P = 0.05) to the concentration of 1500 IJs/ml (Figure 1)
Summary
The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main fruit-growing pests in South America, spread from the southern United States to northern Argentina. It occurs in 23 states, and establishes relations with more than 100 species of plants, causing losses of around US$ 120 million/year (Zucchi 2017). Considering the great threat that A. fraterculus imposes to fruit crops, and the intense contamination provided by the current control technique, it is fundamental to study alternative methods of control, within the context of Integrated Pest Management (Garcia et al 2017). In this sense, the use of entomopathogenic
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