Abstract
A total of three carbazole alkaloids and essential oil from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) were obtained and examined for their effects on the growth of five antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria and three tumor cell lines (MCF-7, P 388 and Hela). The structures of these carbazoles were elucidated based on spectroscopy data and compared with literature data, hence, were identified as mahanine (1), mahanimbicine (2) and mahanimbine (3). The chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). These compounds exhibited potent inhibition against antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (210P JTU), Psedomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619), Klebsiella pneumonia (SR1-TU), Escherchia coli (NI23 JTU) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SR16677-PRSP) with significant minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values (25.0–175.0 mg/mL) and minimum bacteriacidal concentrations (MBC) (100.0–500.0 μg/mL). The isolated compounds showed significant antitumor activity against MCF-7, Hela and P388 cell lines. Mahanimbine (3) and essential oil in particular showed potent antibacteria and cytotoxic effect with dose dependent trends (≤5.0 μg/mL). The findings from this investigation are the first report of carbazole alkaloids’ potential against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria, MCF-7 and P388 cell lines.
Highlights
Two major medical issues in the 21st century are the sudden rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria and the high incidence of cancer [1,2,3]
It can be concluded that mahanine (1) was most effective in combating antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria followed by mahanimbicine (2) and mahanimbine (3)
The results showed that all the carbazole alkaloids and essential oil exhibit anti-proliferative effects against the three cell lines in dose-dependent manner taking into account that the growth rate of cancer cells differs
Summary
Two major medical issues in the 21st century are the sudden rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria and the high incidence of cancer [1,2,3]. Two of the most common type of cancer in females are cervical and breast cancer, with the mortality rate for cervical cancer in the United States in 2006 being 37% This surge in mortality is attributed to resistance against treatment with cisplatin [5]. No information is available pertaining to their activity against clinical antibiotic resistant bacteria and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). As stated above, these two medical problems are on the rise and there is an urgent need to find sources of alternative lead drugs in an effort to supplement the ones available. This report presents the pioneering findings on the potent bioactive activity of M. koenigii’s chemicals, against clinical antibiotic resistant bacteria strains and the MCF7, P388 cell lines
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