Abstract
Lactose-based prebiotics are synthesized by enzymatic- or microbial- biotransformation of lactose and have unique functional values. In this comprehensive review article, the biochemical mechanisms of controlling osteoporosis, blood-lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported along with the results of clinical investigations. Interaction between lactose-based prebiotics and probiotics reduces osteoporosis by (a) transforming insoluble inorganic salts to soluble and increasing their absorption to gut wall; (b) maintaining and protecting mineral absorption surface in the intestine; (c) increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins in the gut wall; (d) remodeling osteoclasts and osteoblasts formation; (e) releasing bone modulating factors; and (f) degrading mineral complexing phytic acid. Lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics control lipid level in the bloodstream and tissue by (a) suppressing the expressions of lipogenic- genes and enzymes; (b) oxidizing fatty acids in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue; (c) binding cholesterol with cell membrane of probiotics and subsequent assimilation by probiotics; (d) enzymatic-transformations of bile acids; and (e) converting cholesterol to coprostanol and its defecation. Symbiosis of lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics affect plasma glucose level by (a) increasing the synthesis of gut hormones plasma peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 from entero-endocrine L-cells; (b) altering glucose assimilation and metabolism; (c) suppressing systematic inflammation; (d) reducing oxidative stress; and (e) producing amino acids. Clinical investigations show that lactose-based prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide improves mineral absorption and reduces hyperlipidemia. Another lactose-based prebiotic, lactulose, improves mineral absorption, and reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. It is expected that this review article will be of benefit to food technologists and medical practitioners.
Highlights
Scientific advancements in biotechnology provide new methods for the synthesis of prebiotics from dairy sources and their applications in food, biopharmaceutical, and medical-sectors [1,2].Prebiotics can be defined as “indigestible fermented food substrates that selectively stimulate the Medicina 2018, 54, 98; doi:10.3390/medicina54060098 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina growth, of of microflora in gastrointestinal tract tract and hosts’ health growth, composition compositionand andactivity activity microflora in gastrointestinal and improve improve hosts’ and well-being” [3].Several biological outcomes due to the interaction of prebiotics with probiotics health and well-being” [3]
Realizing the great potentialities of lactose-based prebiotics on human health, in this review article biochemical mechanisms and results of clinical investigations about controlling osteoporosis, blood- lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported in a comprehensive way
Lactose-based prebiotics endorse the growth of probiotics, and these offer an anti-hyperlipidemic effect to the host [115,126]
Summary
Scientific advancements in biotechnology provide new methods for the synthesis of prebiotics from dairy sources and their applications in food-, biopharmaceutical-, and medical-sectors [1,2]. –108 and colony formingin units per (microbial milliliter), Enterobacteria, Veillonella ileum parts of smallapproximately intestine They pass to caecum the parts activities and survival of population. –1012interact colony forming milliliter),and such obligate as Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, lactose-based prebiotics strictly units withper anaerobes anaerobes In general, acetate is predominant, followed by proprionate and butyrate, formation of short-chain fatty acids depends on (a) molecular configuration of prebiotic (carbohydrate monomer, glycosidic linkage, and degree of polymerization); (b) interaction with gut bacteria; (c) saccharolytic capacities of probiotic synthesized enzymes; and (d) fermentation mechanism [17]. In vivo trials were conducted with animal and human models to verify the anti-osteoporosis, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-hyperglycemic effects of lactose-based prebiotics along with probiotics These trials focused on outcomes, rather than understand the underlying biochemical mechanisms, which are still unclear. Realizing the great potentialities of lactose-based prebiotics on human health, in this review article biochemical mechanisms and results of clinical investigations about controlling osteoporosis, blood- lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported in a comprehensive way
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