Abstract
The present work describes the volatile compounds profile and phytochemical content of Ceratonia siliqua L. Fifty different components have been identified. Among them, three constituents are shared i.e., 2-methlybutanoic acid, methyl hexanoate and limonene by different common carob preparations: pulp decoction (PD), seeds decoction (SD) and Rob, a sweet syrup extracted from the pulp of the carob pod. Each extract exhibits different volatile aromatic emission profiles. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using three methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, producing a dose-dependent response. The IC50, when determined by FRAP, gave the lowest values (0.66 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.00 mg/mL PD, SD and Rob, respectively). The nociception essay, after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice, demonstrated that Rob, pulp and seeds decoction extracts showed an efficient inhibition of writhes over time, with persistence over 30 min. The SD decoction revealed the highest efficacy in decreasing the writhing reflex (90.3 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the proapoptotic activity of SD against three human cell line, THP-1, MCF-7 and LOVO, evaluated by flow cytometry, showed a significantly stronger proapoptotic activity on colon cancer (LOVO) than on the other cell lines, a phenomenon known as phenotypic selectivity.
Highlights
Consumers are increasingly aware of the benefits of foods and plants that provide essential nutrients and phytochemicals essential for health
Our data shows that pulps, seeds and Rob contain the highest amount of nonterpene derivatives, reaching the highest amount in pulps, seeds and Rob
Our results reinforce view that carob pulps, seeds be implicated in Overall, our results reinforce thethe view that carob pulps, seeds andand
Summary
Consumers are increasingly aware of the benefits of foods and plants that provide essential nutrients and phytochemicals essential for health. Among all the bioactive compounds identified in plants, some of them, such as phenols, flavonoids, coumarins and curcuminoids can be absorbed by most of the cells through the blood circulation. This can explain the beneficial effects of many plants on several pathologies as well as disease prevention thanks to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties [1]. Excessive generation of ROS becomes pathologic by activating the expression of gene coding for proinflammatory cytokines. Their unstable nature made them very reactive towards biological substrates and induced deleterious oxidative modifications potentially involved in several pathologies, in cancer generated by DNA mutations [2]. The cumulative production of ROS within the cell, whatever endogenous or exogenous, induces cellular senescence and apoptosis
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