Abstract
Stress can be defined as the homeostatic, nonspecific defensive response of the organism to challenges. It is expressed by morphological, biochemical, and functional changes. In this review, we present biological and oxidative stress, as well as their interrelation. In addition to the mediation in biologic stress (central nervous, immune, and hormonal systems) and oxidative stress, the effect of these phenomena on xenobiotic metabolism and drug response is also examined. It is concluded that stress decreases drug response, a result which seems to be mainly attributed to the induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. A number of mechanisms are presented. Structure-activity studies are also discussed. Vitamin E, as well as two synthetic novel compounds, seem to reduce both oxidative and biological stress and, consequently, influence drug response and metabolism.
Highlights
Hippocrates, the ancient Greek philosopher occupied with health and disease, taught that illness was pain and toil
We showed that the binding to plasma proteins zoxazolamine was increased with glucocorticoid treatment [30]
Stress induced by the mentioned stressors caused a statistically significant reduction of tetraethylammonium bromide toxicity, expressed as dyskinesia and mortality [21]. This may be explained by the increased urinary excretion of tetraethylammonium bromide which could be attributed to the induction of the corresponding transporter of this drug by corticosterone
Summary
Hippocrates, the ancient Greek philosopher occupied with health and disease, taught that illness was pain and toil. It is the fight of the body for resetting the physiologic condition. Carbohydrate metabolism is controlled by the pancreatic and adrenal hormones and calcium blood levels are regulated by parathyroid hormones and calcitonin [6,7]. In this review, both biological and oxidative stress are discussed, as well as their interrelation and effect on drug response and metabolism.
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