Abstract
The body is like an automaton which responds to inputs in such a way as to maintain its internal environment in a state required for survival. The fundamental element of the body is the cell. The body cells consist of a wide range of types, but all have common attributes such as requirements for energy and means of transport of metabolites and nutrients across their membranes. As far as ultrasonic imaging is concerned, the cells cause various amounts of scatter depending on their size, constituents, concentration, and hydration. Other components of the body of interest in this chapter are 1) molecules—proteins and lipids which when placed in solution with water, the most common molecule in the body, cause absorption of ultrasound in various degrees and variations in propagation speed; 2) tissues—aggregations of cells functioning for a relatively specific purpose; and 3) organs—aggregates of tissues dedicated to a general function.
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