Bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge

Abstract

The effects of sulfur concentration, initial pH of the sludge and sludge solid content on metal bioleaching were examined using anaerobically digested sewage sludge procured from a typical sewage treatment plant in Delhi, the capital city of India. Experiments on effect of sulfur concentration were carried out using 0–4 g L−1 of elemental sulfur to optimize the concentration of elemental sulfur for efficient bioleaching. For the type of sludge (20 g L−1 solid content) used in the present study, 2 g L−1 of elemental sulfur was found sufficient in metal bioleaching in the following order: Zn 86%, Cu 71.5%, Mn 70%, Ni 58.3% and Cr 43.8%. Changes in pH, sulfate concentration and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as a function of time were experimentally monitored. A rapid change in the above parameters took place in 4–6 days followed by a slow change until the 10th day. The change in pH with time was observed to vary at different initial pH values (pH 7 to pH 3) of the sludge; however, there was not much difference in the final pH achieved and final metal solubilization which ranged from: Cu 83.6–94.2%, Ni 27.7–29.8%, Zn 89–94.8%, Mn 67.5-79% and Cr 34.1–44.1% The results of the present studies strongly indicate that using 2 g L−1 elemental sulfur, indigenous sulfur oxidizing microorganisms can bring down pH to a value needed for significant metal solubilization. Also, bioleaching can be carried out successfully over a wide range of initial pH values of the sludge. Further, at higher sludge solid concentration than 20 g L−1, lower metal solubilization was achieved due to the buffering capacity of the sludge.