Bioisosteric replacement of 1H-1,2,3-triazole with 1H-tetrazole ring enhances anti-leukemic activity of (5-benzylthiazol-2-yl)benzamides

Abstract

Previously, we discovered that N-(5-benzyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzamide possessed a remarkable cytotoxic effect on 28 cancer cell lines with IC50 < 50 μM, including 9 cancer cell lines, where IC50 was in the range of 2.02–4.70 μM. In the present study, we designed a novel N-(5-benzylthiazol-2-yl)amide compound 3d that was synthesized using the original bioisosteric replacement of 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring by the 1H-tetrazole ring. A significantly enhanced anticancer activity in vitro with an excellent anti-leukemic potency towards chronic myeloid leukemia cells of the K-562 line was demonstrated. Two compounds – 3d and 3l - were highly cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations towards various tumor cells of the following lines: K-562, NCI-H460, HCT-15, KM12, SW-620, LOX IMVI, M14, UACC-62, CAKI-1, and T47D. As a highlight, the compound N-(5-(4-fluorobenzyl)thiazol-2-yl)-4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)benzamide 3d inhibited the growth of leukemia K-562 cells and melanoma UACC-62 cells with IС50 of 56.4 and 56.9 nM (SRB test), respectively. The viability of leukemia K-562 and pseudo-normal HaCaT, NIH-3T3, and J774.2 cells was measured by the MTT assay. Together with SAR analysis, it allowed the selection of a lead compound 3d, which demonstrated the highest selectivity (SI = 101.0) towards treated leukemic cells. The compound 3d caused DNA damage (single-strand breaks detected by the alkaline comet assay) in the leukemic K-562 cells. The morphological study of the K-562 cells treated with compound 3d revealed changes consistent with apoptosis. Thus, the bioisosteric replacement in (5-benzylthiazol-2-yl)amide scaffold proved to be a perspective approach in the design of novel heterocyclic compounds with enhanced anticancer potential.