Bioinspired soft-hard interfaces fabricated by multi-material additive manufacturing: A fracture mechanics investigation using essential work of fracture

Abstract

This study employs the Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) concept to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness of bioinspired interfaces between soft and hard polymer phases. The experimental framework utilizes a model material system with Polylactic Acid (PLA) as the hard phase and Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) as the soft phase. Employing the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique, bioinspired sutural interfaces are created, characterized by interpenetrating soft and hard protrusions. The modulation of a critical parameter in the FFF process enables the variation of interpenetration length of protrusions at the interface, thereby achieving a spectrum of interfacial strength and toughness. The determination of essential work of fracture from double edge notch tension samples, with varied ligament sizes, allows for the specific EWF measurement. This specific EWF is found to align with the initiation value of plane strain interfacial fracture toughness obtained through the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test. Therefore, the proposed approach asserts the elimination of the need for complex interfacial fracture tests, such as DCB. A noteworthy discovery is the establishment of a correlation between specific plastic energy dissipation and protrusion length. This correlation suggests an increased plastic dissipation with longer protrusions within the investigated bioinspired interface. Due to this heightened plastic energy dissipation, the shape of the interfacial nominal stress-displacement curves demonstrates substantial dependence on interface morphology, shifting from a triangular to a trapezoidal shape as protrusion length increases. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanics of bioinspired interfaces, presenting a more efficient and nuanced approach to characterizing their fracture properties.