Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) is a ubiquitous pollutant. Membrane filtration represents one of the most common water treatment methods, but nanofiltration and ultrafiltration require high transmembrane pressure, while microfiltration has larger pore sizes than ions, making them unfavorable for direct ion removal at low cost. Selective and direct separation of Pb2+ via membrane filtration at high efficiency without sacrificing the flux of clean water still remains challenging. Herein, inspired by the Pb2+-tolerable oleander that enriches and prevents Pb2+ in roots from permeating the plant body, a smart Pb2+-adsorptive filtration membrane with a temperature- and ion-tunable water gate was prepared by loading dual-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamido-co-acrylamido-benzo-18-crown-6) (PNB-5-20) microgels onto a commercial membrane. The PNB-5-20 microgel exhibits pronounced temperature-responsive swelling/deswelling (hydrodynamic diameter, 650-330 nm) with a volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) at ∼33 °C. Moreover, the microgel shows a high Pb2+-adsorption capacity (qmax, 85.4 mg/g) and good selectivity (distribution coefficient Kd ∼ 1000 mL/g) thanks to its complexation with the crown ether, as well as good Pb2+ responsiveness, having the VPTT positively shifted to 40 °C in the presence of Pb2+ with enhanced swelling behaviors. Functionalized with PNB-5-20, the smart membrane integrates Pb2+ detection, adsorption, and tunable water drainage in a single device. The membrane selectively recognizes Pb2+ in the polluted water with the gates in membrane pores switching from "open" to "closed", intercepting and adsorbing Pb2+ with water permeation reduced. Once purified, the gates can be "re-opened" by increasing the temperature. Construction of such an intelligent membrane filtration device with a tunable water gate and excellent Pb2+ recognition and adsorption performance will greatly simplify the remediation of Pb2+-polluted water.
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