Abstract
The bioinspired design and construction of enzyme@capsule microreactors with specific cell-like functionality has generated tremendous interest in recent years. Inspired by their fascinating complexity, scientists have endeavored to understand the essential aspects of a natural cell and create biomimicking microreactors so as to immobilize enzymes within the hierarchical structure of a microcapsule. In this study, simultaneous encapsulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was achieved during the preparation of microcapsules by the Pickering emulsion method using amphiphilic modified TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as building blocks for assembling the photocatalytic microcapsule membrane. The ADH@TiO2 NP microreactors exhibited dual catalytic functions, i.e., spatially confined enzymatic catalysis and the membrane-associated photocatalytic oxidation under visible light. The sustainable cycling of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzyme between NADH and NAD+ was realized by enzymatic regeneration of NADH from NAD+ reduction, and was provided in a form that enabled further photocatalytic oxidation to NAD+ under visible light. This bioinspired ADH@TiO2 NP microreactor allowed the linking of a semiconductor mineral-based inorganic photosystem to enzymatic reactions. This is a first step toward the realization of sustainable biological cycling of NAD+/NADH coenzyme in synthetic functional microsystems operating under visible light irradiation.
Highlights
In recent years, the design and construction of enzyme@capsule microsystems inspired from the fundamental functions of subcellular organelles has attracted significant attention [1,2,3]
DA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+, NADH, Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were purchased from Hefei Bomei Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Hefei, China)
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of the distributions of FITC-labeled ADH within the microcapsules were obtained on an inverted CLSM (TCS SP8, Leica, Mannheim, Germany)
Summary
The design and construction of enzyme@capsule microsystems inspired from the fundamental functions of subcellular organelles has attracted significant attention [1,2,3]. The development of such highly compartmentalized enzymatic microreactors is motivated by a wide range of applications, such as transformation of energy [4,5,6,7], understanding the origin of protolife [8,9,10], and production of bioactive species with membrane-bounded microcompartments [1,3,11,12].
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