Abstract
Unlike the conventional techniques used to construct a tissue scaffolding, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology enables fabrication of a porous structure with complex and diverse geometries, which facilitate evenly distributed cells and orderly release of signal factors. To date, a range of cell-laden materials, such as natural or synthetic polymers, have been deployed by the 3D bioprinting technique to construct the scaffolding systems and regenerate substitutes for the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology has attracted much attention lately because it aims to accommodate the dynamic structural and functional transformations of scaffolds. However, there remain challenges to meet the technical requirements in terms of suitable processability of the bioink formulations, desired mechanical properties of the hydrogel implants, and cell-guided functionality of the biomaterials. Recent bioprinting techniques are reviewed in this article, discussing strategies for hydrogel-based bioinks to mimic native bone tissue-like extracellular matrix environment, including properties of bioink formulations required for bioprinting, structure requirements, and preparation of tough hydrogel scaffolds. Stimulus mechanisms that are commonly used to trigger the dynamic structural and functional transformations of the scaffold are analyzed. At the end, we highlighted the current challenges and possible future avenues of smart hydrogel-based bioink/scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.
Highlights
There are a number of challenges associated with the current restoration methods for bone defects, such as autografts and allografts (Chiarello et al, 2013; Van De Vijfeijken et al, 2018), which include a limited supply of donor tissues, risk of complications, transplant rejection, and biocontamination (Vidal et al, 2020)
This study demonstrates that different enhancement strategies could be deployed together to address the limitations associated with one particular crosslinking reaction, which expands the available options in developing a bioink formulation
A novel bone tissue substitute was developed by adding hydroxyapatite NPs and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) in turn to a collagen hydrogel (He et al, 2018): the hydroxyapatite NPs could facilitate the interfacial adhesion with the tissues in contact and promote the proliferation of osteoblasts, whilst the hydrogen bonds available abundantly on the MFC promote the formation of a network, which enhances the mechanical properties and degradation properties of the scaffold
Summary
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Biomaterials, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. A range of cell-laden materials, such as natural or synthetic polymers, have been deployed by the 3D bioprinting technique to construct the scaffolding systems and regenerate substitutes for the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology has attracted much attention lately because it aims to accommodate the dynamic structural and functional transformations of scaffolds. There remain challenges to meet the technical requirements in terms of suitable processability of the bioink formulations, desired mechanical properties of the hydrogel implants, and cell-guided functionality of the biomaterials. Recent bioprinting techniques are reviewed in this article, discussing strategies for hydrogel-based bioinks to mimic native bone tissue-like extracellular matrix environment, including properties of bioink formulations required for bioprinting, structure requirements, and preparation of tough hydrogel scaffolds.
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