BIOINDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN COSTAL/ESTUARINE AREAS AS A TOOL FOR MONITORING PLANS: A STUDY CASE FOR SUAPE COMPLEX PORT (PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL)

I. INTRODUCTION II. CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE: AN OVERVIEW A. Cultural Heritage B. Natural Heritages C. Nature Conservation Strategies Worldwide D. The Links Between Cultural and Natural Heritage E. Characteristics of Sites of Overlapping Cultural & Natural Heritage III. The Present and Future of Integrated Cultural & Natural Heritage Management A. Challenges Posed to Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage B. Existing Legal/Regulatory Efforts to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage 1. Developed Countries a. The United States b. The European Union (1) England (a) National Parks (b) Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (c) Conservation Areas (2) Dartmoor National Park (a) The Dartmoor Local Plan (b) Local Plan Aims (c) Local Plan Landscapes c. Canada 2. Developing Countries a. China b. Brazil IV. CONCLUSION A. Why Integrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection? B. Bridging Boundaries for Mutual Gain I. INTRODUCTION Formal legal efforts to protect cultural and natural heritage are not a modern phenomenon. In the developed and developing worlds, regional, state, and local governments undertake efforts to protect their cultural heritage and their natural resources. Most cultural and natural resource protection regimes, however, have evolved independently of one another. This is only recently beginning to change. As scholars, regulators, and activists increasingly recognize the links and overlap between areas of cultural and natural heritage, they are beginning to come together to develop new regimes for joint cultural and environmental protection. These early efforts jointly to protect cultural and natural heritage vary significantly in character and success. These variations reflect a still vague and evolving understanding of the interplay between culture and nature, the relationship between public and private land ownership, and significant regional differences in existing legal regimes, economic development, and environmental agendas. Further, there is currently very little comprehensive research examining global efforts to develop heritage protection areas that integrate both cultural and natural resource conservation. There is even less research analyzing how relationships between land ownership and social conceptions of culture and nature impact the development of future cultural and natural heritage programs. The goal of this paper is to contribute to and encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary approaches for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage areas. The second section of this paper examines traditional notions and regulatory regimes for cultural and natural heritage protection, and delves into the links between cultural and natural heritage. Section three analyzes existing cultural heritage and environmental/natural protection laws, and provides examples of joint cultural and natural heritage preservation efforts. In particular, section three considers how current and prospective joint cultural and natural heritage protection efforts in developed and developing countries contribute to the social and economic development of communities and regions, and advance the principles of sustainable development by strengthening the historical continuity of a place and its people, and by guiding development in ways consistent with the characteristics of these cultural and natural resources. Additionally, section three examines case studies in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, and China to demonstrate the challenges and critical elements integral to developing innovative and sustainable cultural and natural heritage preservation schemes. …

Метою статті є аналіз становлення та розвитку пам’яткоохоронного законодавства в Україні.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в аналізі основних законодавчих і підзаконних актів України, завдяки яким відбулося реформування сфери охорони культурної спадщини в Україні та приведення її у відповідність до міжнародних норм і стандартів.
 Висновки. У законодавчому забезпеченні охорони культурної спадщини України можна до певної міри умовно виділити кілька етапів. Перший розпочався із прийняттям Декларації про державний суверенітет України від 16 липня 1990 р., яка започаткувала зміну державних підходів до культурної спадщини України, задекларувавши культурне відродження українського народу й необхідність повернення національних, культурних та історичних цінностей України, що знаходяться за її межами. Водночас базовим актом стали Основи законодавства України про культуру від 14 лютого 1992 р. Саме Основи законодавства України про культуру визначили правові засади діяльності органів публічної влади у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також започаткували процес формування Державного реєстру національного культурного надбання. Конституція України від 28 червня 1996 р. більш послідовно, у порівнянні з Конституцією УРСР, забезпечила гарантії культурних прав громадян та обов’язки держави щодо охорони культурної спадщини. На цьому етапі було ратифіковано ряд міжнародних актів у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також прийнято національні законодавчі й підзаконні акти, спрямовані на імплементацію цих норм у національне законодавство України, зокрема Закон України «Про вивезення, ввезення та повернення культурних цінностей» від 21 вересня 1999 р. Другий етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про охорону культурної спадщини» від 8 червня 2000 р., в якому враховані основні тенденції міжнародно-правового забезпечення охорони культурної спадщини, зокрема положення Конвенції ЮНЕСКО про охорону всесвітньої культурної і природної спадщини 1972 р. Законом урегульовані права та обов’язки суб’єктів охорони культурної спадщини, а також порядок формування Державного реєстру нерухомих пам’яток України за категоріями національного й місцевого значення. На цьому етапі ухвалені й такі важливі нормативні акти, як Закон України «Про охорону археологічної спадщини» від 18 березня 2004 р. і Загальнодержавна програма збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини на 2004–2010 роки, затверджена Законом України від 20 квітня 2004 р. Третій етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про культуру» від 14 грудня 2010 р. і триває донині. На цьому етапі ухвалено ряд важливих змін до законодавства, спрямованих на приведення українського пам’яткоохоронного законодавства до міжнародних норм і стандартів, зокрема щодо збереження пам’яток культурної спадщини, включених до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО.

Preparation of present article was aiming to try to answer the following questions: why the responsible business conduct in the Republic of Kazakhstan needs to include the protection of tangible cultural heritage. Authors consider legal aspects of protection of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan, its international obligations in it to the sphere and the status of objects of material cultural heritage in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the level of UNESCO, the Republic of Kazakhstan has numerous official international obligations in protection of material cultural and natural heritage, which both the state and private organizations need to observe strictly. This system of the international obligations is complemented with the local legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan directed to preservation of objects of cultural and natural heritage. Additionally, this work will list the basic recommendations, following of which is going to guarantee the protection and conservation of tangible cultural heritage sites, as well as save the representatives of the business sphere from various risks and associated financial losses related to the damaging and destruction of tangible cultural heritage sites. In addition to compliance with Kazakhstani and international legislative bases in the field of protection and use of tangible cultural heritage, the most socially responsible organizations can also organize their own events to raise awareness of their employees about the need to protect tangible cultural heritage.Key words: responsible business conduct, cultural heritage, protection, conservation, legislation.

The UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage balances the dialectical tension between state sovereignty and interests of the international community by entrusting state parties with the protection and conservation of cultural and natural heritage situated on their territory while simultaneously establishing international mechanisms for monitoring and supporting these efforts. The Convention affords protection to all properties meeting the criteria of cultural or natural heritage regardless of their inclusion in the World Heritage List, that itself is mainly of declarative character. By committing state parties to use best efforts to protect heritage sites (Bemühensverpflichtungen) the convention gives rise to genuine legal obligations. For federal states such as Germany, a federal clause in art. 34 modifies the obligation to implement the Convention. Since, however, the German Länder, as far as necessary, adopted the statutory regulations which fall within their legislative powers, Germany now vouches for compliance with the whole convention. Pursuant the principle of sincere cooperation (Bundestreue), the Länder may not revert to a status that implies breaching Germanys international obligations. Whereas explicit provisions quite satisfactorily protect natural heritage, the legal protection of cultural heritage remains flawed, as authorities sometimes fail to install comprehensive preservation orders. In their heritage protection laws, only five Länder refer to the UNESCO Convention. Additionally, they often do not conceptualize heritage in congruence with the Conventions terms. Due to the absence of a legislative act of approval (Vertragsgesetz), the Convention does not form part of the German legal order. As far as internal law does not reproduce what is called for by the Convention, however, the Basic Laws commitment and openness to public international law (Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes) still warrants the implementation of an international treaty as far as legally possible. Therefore, all administrative and judicial bodies must interpret and apply existing law in conformity with the UNESCO Convention (although the legislatives obligation to comply has been curtailed in a questionable manner by the recent Treaty Override-decision of the Federal Constitutional Court). Most importantly, they have to deploy instruments of nature and heritage conservation law in a manner that protects and conserves world cultural and natural heritage best. Land use and sectoral planning must not only pay due regard to World heritage protection but ensure the best possible preservation result. This is also subject to judicial oversight although claimants often may not invoke the protection of World heritage in court. By way of conclusion, the present implementation of the UNESCO Convention in German law mostly achieves the preservation and protection of cultural and natural World heritage as is called for by international law – with the Dresdner Elbtal being the unfortunate exception.

The article deals with the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands under international agreements. It highlights the concept of the cultural and natural heritage of wetlands, and then discusses the protection of the world cultural heritage of wetlands within the framework of UNESCO. The article also identifies cultural values under the Ramsar Convention. It focuses on the assessment of international protection of world cultural and natural heritage in wetlands. Finally, the article refers to the World Heritage of the Wilderness Wetlands. The article contributes to clarifying the absence of an independent legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The Study concluded that international agreements do not establish explicit international obligations on states. Hence the need for an international convention dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The study also concluded that there is no judicial mechanism to limit the deterioration of cultural heritage in wetlands.

The book entitled New Trends in the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage is a collection of twelve scientific articles (chapters) authored by Polish and foreign researchers in the field of cultural heritage protection. Specializing in various scientific disciplines (including legal, architectural, managerial, cultural studies considerations) and at different stages of scientific development, the authors of the individual texts from either a casuistic (case studies) or systemic (studies of normative solutions or development trends) perspective analyze “new trends” in the protection of cultural and natural heritage. “The Scientific Editors of the monograph have managed to gather a group of competent Authors, both domestic and foreign [...] Here we have specialists in philosophy, biology, management sciences and, for the most part, lawyers, paring various specific legal sciences, and interested in the issues of cultural and natural heritage and its protection. So, it can be concluded that the monograph submitted for review has an interdisciplinary character, both in the so-called ‘external aspect’ and ‘internal’, within the framework of legal sciences themselves [...] The reviewed scientific monograph is a fairly comprehensive collection of studies related to the issues of protection of natural and cultural heritage.” From the review of Dr. hab. Bolesław Maciej Ćwiertniak, Professor of the “Humanitas” Higher School in Sosnowiec

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive study of the scientific activity of Filaret Kolessa as the founder of Ukrainian ethnographic museology and to analyze his contribution to the preservation of the national cultural heritage. Research methodology. The research used general scientific methods (generalization, comparison, induction and deduction), applied the historical-biographical method to analyze the life path of Filaret Kolessa, as well as empirical-theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis) to systematize the scientific works of Filaret Kolessa, content analysis for studying scientific texts, and source analysis for archival materials research. Results. The results of the study showed that Filaret Kolessa played a key role in the formation of Ukrainian ethnographic museology. It has been established that his scientific expeditions and research into folk music contributed to the preservation and popularization of the rich cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people. It was found that F. Kolessa developed methods of collecting, systematizing and analyzing ethnographic materials, which became the basis for the further development of Ukrainian ethnomusicology. It was established that the works of F. Koless had a significant impact on the formation of national identity and the preservation of cultural heritage, especially in the context of researching the musical traditions of Lemkivshchyna, Boykivshchyna and Transcarpathia for the collection of folklore material. It is worth noting that thanks to the activities of F. Koless, a significant number of Ukrainian folk songs were collected and published, which have been preserved in the archives and continue to be studied by modern scientists. Based on the analysis, it can be stated that F. Kolessa's contribution to the creation and development of museums and archives with ethnographic materials is important for the cultural heritage of Ukraine, which confirms his status as the founder of Ukrainian ethnographic museology. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, we can note that Filaret Kolessa played a central role in the formation of Ukrainian ethnographic museology and preservation of the national cultural heritage. It was established that the activity included not only the systematization and preservation of Ukrainian folklore, but also the active implementation of scientific approaches to ethnographic research, which became the basis for the development of modern museology in Ukraine.

Ukraine has a significant potential of cultural heritage objects of various nature, with varying degrees of involvement and rationality of use in tourism and excursion activities, which requires research and generalization of the accumulated experience. In Ukraine, the term cultural heritage refers to the entire set of cultural heritage objects inherited by humanity from previous generations. Currently, these registers include 1,155 objects of national significance and 13,931 objects of local significance. In terms of the number of monuments of national importance, the AR of Crimea, the city of Kyiv, Chernihiv, Zakarpattia, and Cherkasy regions are among the top five. On the other hand, Dnipropetrovsk Sumy, Kharkiv Poltava, and Odesa regions are leading in terms of the number of monuments of local importance. 47 elements have been added to the National List of Elements of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine. All objects can have different statuses: local, state/national and international. The latest status of the objects is confirmed and provided by UNESCO and described in the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, to which Ukraine has joined. Since then, only 6 objects of cultural, 1 natural and 4 intangible heritage have this status in the state. A comparison was made of the number of objects included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in Ukraine with other European countries. An analysis of the level of use of these objects for the purposes of tourism development and excursion activities was carried out. The range of use of cultural heritage objects is limited in a certain way and is determined by the adopted legislation, in particular in Ukraine it is the Law "On the Protection of Cultural Heritage", which regulates the use of cultural heritage objects in public life, maintenance and use of monuments, sightseeing visiting sights, and also determines directions of possible use of sights. Among the most effective for the development of tourism and excursion activities, the authors identify museification and adaptation. Based on the analysis, the authors offer a number of universal proposals for the intensification of the attraction of cultural heritage objects for the purposes of tourism development and excursion activities.

<p>Some countries have proven to be advanced by managing their historical and cultural heritage and promoting it internationally. Japan and South Korea are living examples, who transform the war site not only into national defense heritage but also bring it to the international level. The management of historical heritage is crucial to enhance people's awareness of the importance of national defense. However, many of Indonesia's historical relics are still neglected or poorly managed, even though many historical and cultural heritages have the potential to become tourist attractions. This article aims to discuss how to manage Indonesian historical and cultural heritage to enhance nationalism and patriotism. Proper management of historical and cultural heritage will increase the love of the motherland. The research method is done by a qualitative research method as well as literature studies. This study proves that the management of culture and historical heritage of Indonesia, especially those related to the national struggle, is still largely ignored. Moreover, Indonesia even lacks in managing its historical and cultural heritage. Therefore, Indonesia has to improve the management of its cultural and historical heritage so that it can be promoted to the global world as an object of tourism to increase the nationalism of the younger generation.</p>

Formulation of the problem. Nowadays in Ukraine there is a significant gap in the application of cultural-landscape approach and the lack of cultural and landscape zoning (CLZ) at different taxonomic levels, as one of the fundamental stages in the protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage, which is recognized in a number of international documents by the world community. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this study is to develop methodological approaches to CLZ in Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The study and analysis of the experience of differentiation and zoning of different level territories on the basis of cultural and landscape approach in some European countries showed the crucial role of CLZ in studying cultural landscapes and planning management actions for their protection, conservation and use. Methodology and results. The overall purpose of CLZ was to identify, define and differentiate integral natural and cultural systemic territorial formations of different levels, which form a set of interconnected cultural landscapes in a given area. The main factors of cultural-landscape differentiation of Ukraine at the macro level were natural-geographical, ethnographic, linguistic, historical-geographical, historical-political and administrative-territorial features and features of spatial localization and concentration of natural and cultural heritage - immovable and intangible. The information base for conducting the CLZ were researches that reflects the territorial differentiation of Ukraine by these groups of features and has developed appropriate zoning schemes with their cartographic implementation. The taxonomic system of the country's CLZ has been developed. It consists of two levels: 14 cultural-landscape regions and 52 cultural-landscape macro-districts; 26 cultural and landscape regions have been identified as a separate taxon, outside of the hierarchy, according to the administrative-territorial division of the country. The most important result of the study – the map "Cultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine", became one of the key topics of the electronic atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage". The development of the atlas was completed in 2020 by the Institute of Geography of NASU. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time in Ukraine, CLZ has been developed at the macro level, thus starting to fill a gap of the absence of domestic developments of this kind. The study identified proposals on the main directions of development and practical application of CLZ in the field of protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage through inclusion in the systems of national and regional strategy, spatial development planning, research on integrated study of territory, mapping and development of CLZ regions and administrative districts, etc.

The effects of artificial sandbar breaching on the macrophyte communities of an intermittently open estuary

Kazakhstan, including Atyrau region, is becoming a popular tourist destination due to its natural heritage, archaeological, historical and religious sites. This valuable natural and historical-cultural heritage, revealing the culture and history of the Kazakhs between the 16th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, is an important part of our tourism industry. Archaeological and historical tourism in the region, as part of the larger tourism industry, can make a major contribution to the total income from tourism. The attractiveness of the region among tourists is largely due to the resources available on its territory. The region favorably combines favorable geographical position, preserved natural potential and rich cultural and historical heritage. This is a unique combination of historical and natural wealth; create a good basis and perspective for the development of modern forms of tourism. There are collections of historical and cultural monuments in the region, but these data are scattered, fragmented. In these conditions, to determine its regional specificity and prospects for use, we have created an interactive map of the 50 most significant monuments to demonstrate the cultural and historical potential of the Atyrau region.

Possible policies and actions to protect the soil cultural and natural heritage of Europe

The National Heritage List was created in January 2004 to recognise, celebrate and protect places of outstanding heritage value to the nation. National heritage encompasses those places that reveal the richness of Australia's extraordinarily diverse natural, historic and Indigenous heritage. One aspect of natural heritage that has been little explored is Australia’s wealth of exceptional fossil sites. While a small number of fossil sites have risen to public prominence, there are many lesser-known sites that have important heritage values. The Australian Heritage Council engaged palaeontologists from state museums and the Northern Territory Museum and Art Gallery to compile lists of outstanding fossil sites and to document their characteristics and relative importance against a range of categories, with a view to further our understanding about Australia’s important fossil heritage. Sites that were listed for National or World Heritage values were not included in the places for consideration, with the focus being on lesser-known but still important sites. This book is an account of the palaeontologists’ findings. Some of the sites that were included in the initial lists have since been recognised through listing on the National Heritage List or the World Heritage List. Australia's Fossil Heritage provides a useful reference to the outstanding fossil sites it catalogues, and gives a clearer understanding of the heritage values of such sites. More generally, it contributes to a greater appreciation of Australia’s geological and fossil diversity and enables readers to learn more about Australia's prehistory.

The role of the archeological and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration in UNESCO’s protected areas becomes more and more important for the natural and cultural heritage protection in the touristic cities with urban expansion. However, there is no clear methodological approach for the inclusion of these important natural and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration of the cities. The purpose of this study is to analyze how two contemporary urban planning tools, sustainable urban mobility plans and heritage impact assessments, contribute to the protection and sustainable use of archeological sites. The methodology that is used in this study is dual, theoretical, through literature review, and empirical, through the appliance of the case study method and expert observation and mapping of the most valuable archeological sites in Boka Bay. The results of this study show that practical usage of the two proposed tools in the process of urban regeneration could help in cultural and natural heritage protection and their inclusion as drivers of sustainable urban planning and cultural heritage management. The results of the study confirm the authors’ hypothesis that the role of the archeological sites in the process of urban regeneration is evident in the touristic cities in the coastal area of Montenegro, concluding that urban mobility principles and heritage impact assessment studies must be considered in the process of urban regeneration while at the same time cultural (archeological) heritage management is an integral part of this process.