Abstract
Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) can be used to qualitatively compare individuals’ hydration and cell mass independently of predictive equations. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of BIVA considering chronological age and handgrip strength in adolescent athletes. A total of 273 adolescents (male; 59%) engaged in different sports were evaluated. Bioelectrical impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were obtained using a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water were estimated using bioimpedance-based equations specific for adolescents. Female showed higher values of R (5.5%, p = 0.001), R/height (3.8%, p = 0.041), Z (5.3%, p = 0.001), and fat mass (53.9%, p = 0.001) than male adolescents. Male adolescents showed higher values of FFM (5.3%, p = 0.021) and PhA (3.1%, p = 0.033) than female adolescents. In both stratifications, adolescents (older > 13 years or stronger > median value) shifted to the left on the R-Xc graph, showing patterns of higher hydration and cell mass. The discrimination of subjects older than 13 years and having higher median of handgrip strength values was possibly due to maturity differences. This study showed that BIVA identified age and strength influence in vector displacement, assessing qualitative information and offering patterns of vector distribution in adolescent athletes.
Highlights
The adolescents were classified as athletes, because they participated in training, skill development, and were engaged in competition, according to the definition described in Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Sports nutrition for the adolescent athletes [24]
Male adolescents showed higher values of Fat-free mass (FFM) (5.3%, p = 0.021) and phase angle (PhA) (3.1%, p = 0.033)
Growth differences in female and male individuals are marked by the higher gain in FFM in male than in female adolescents
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Strenuous training could be a matter for the competitive adolescent athletes, since high intensity and high training volume impose nutritional and functional risks to body development [1]. Exercise practice has been associated with the development of bone [2]. Fat-free mass (FFM) is considered a predictor of muscle strength and physical capacities [4,5,6,7]. Assessments of body composition contribute to verify the effects of physical activity and sports practice over time
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