Abstract
Energy production from biomass is gaining a lot of attention. Algal oil (microand macroalgae) can be used for biofuel production. Biofuels from this type of feedstock are called third generation biofuels or advanced biofuels. Focus of this paper is on the microalgal biofuels and on the available process technologies. Very important advantage of microalgal biofuels is that microalgae can be cultivated on any type of land, with the possibility of using wastewater streams. Microalgae can be cultivated in open systems, so called "raceway ponds" or in closed systems - photobioreactors: flat panel photobioreactors, horizontal tubular, vertical tubular photobioreactors with or without airlift. Also, basic information on cultivation conditions (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic) are presented. Available technologies for microalgal biofuels production are: transesterification, fermentation, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion and biomass to liquids (BtL). Additionally, basic information on life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation and CO2 sequestration potential is given in the final chapter of this work.
Highlights
PaperonBiofuel ProductionTechnologies, International Centre for Science andHigh Technology (ISC) and United NationsIndustrial Development Organization (UNIDO).[7] J.R.Seay, F.You (2016) Biomass supply, demand, and markets
Tako npr. kukuruz ima godišnji prinos ulja od 172 L/ha i godišnju produktivnost biodizela od 152 kg/ha, dok mikroalge sa niskim sadržajem ulja (30%) imaju godišnji prinos ulja od 58 700L/ha i produktivnost biodizela od 51 927kg/ha
Mikroalge sa srednjim sadržajem ulja (50%) imaju godišnji prinos ulja od 97 800L/ha i godišnju produktivnost biodizela od 86 515kg/ha
Summary
Mikroalge su primitivni organizmi sa jednoćelijskom strukturom [14] i velikim odnosom površine i zapremine tijela, što im omogućava veliki unos nutrienata [9] – minijaturne biohemijske fabrike koje pokreće svjetlost [15]. Većina mikroalgi je izričito fotosintetička, što znači da koriste sunčevu svjetlost i ugljendioksid kao izvore energije i ugljenika [9,16]. Ova grupa mikroalgi se naziva (foto)autotrofnim algama, dok takođe postoje alge koje mogu da rastu bez prisustva svjetlosti, koristeći organski ugljenik [17] (glukozu ili acetate) kao izvor energije i ugljenika i nazivaju se heterotrofnim algama [9,18]. Autotrofnih mikroalgi potiču još iz 1970-ih godina. Istraživanja i razvoj biogoriva iz mikroalgi se nastavilo, ali do sada nema komercijalne proizvodnje biogoriva iz autotrofnih algi [20]. Bitna prednost gajenja mikroalgi jeste ta što je za njihov rast pogodno bilo koje zemljište, čak i zemljište neodgovarajuće za rast prehrambenih kultura [9]
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