Biogeographical regions and phytogeography of the eucalypts

Abstract

AbstractAimTo map spatial patterns of species richness, species endemism and species turnover of the eucalypts; to propose a biogeographical regionalization of eucalypts based on species turnover; and to identify the environmental correlates of these patterns.LocationAustralia andMalesia.MethodsWe analysed 798 eucalypt species (Angophora,CorymbiaandEucalyptus) with distributions acrossAustralia andMalesia using square cells with a resolution of 100 × 100 km. Species richness, endemism and species turnover were calculated. Phytogeographical regions were identified using an agglomerative cluster analysis derived from a matrix of pairwiseSimpson's beta (βsim) dissimilarity values. Eleven environmental variables were used to analyse the environmental correlates of species turnover. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of the βsim,Getis‐OrdGi* hotspot spatial statistics and an ordination of the βsim‐NMDSwere used to investigate the environmental drivers at the continental level and for each of the phytogeographical regions.ResultsWe identified three centres of species richness and fourteen of endemism, of which several are newly identified. The main centres of species richness agree with previous studies. Six major eucalypt phytogeographical regions are proposed based on the species turnover: monsoon, tropical/subtropical, south‐east, south‐west,Eremaean north andEremaean south. These findings are supported by significant environmental differences of theNMDSvectors and theGi* statistics. The environmental drivers of species turnover are broadly consistent with the continental patterns of summer and winter rainfall below and above theTropic ofCapricorn.Main conclusionsThe proposed phytogeographical regions are similar to theAustralian biomes. Climate is the main driver of the phytogeographical regions, varying from region to region. Comprehensive bioregionalization frameworks and phytogeography updates, as proposed here, are fundamental for enhancing our understanding of the spatial distribution of biodiversity and therefore benefit global biogeography and help planners to identify regions of high conservation relevance.