Biogenic Nanomaterials Derived ROS for Cancer Therapy

Abstract

The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles due to very high surface energy lead to the alternation of miscellaneous biological functions, specifically the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The nanoparticle’s size, shape, and surface chemistry are responsible for the production of ROS. The critical specific roles of ROS are concentration dependent and it is instrumental in regulating various biological functions. Nanoparticles induced toxicity along with cellular signaling leads to cell death. Redox-based bioconjugation combinational nano therapies are also a better option for the production of ROS. Development of novel immunotherapeutic agents for ROS generation, such as defining synergistic drug combinations, understanding the tumor microenvironment defects in antigen processing and presentation, and the number, type, quality, and distribution of immune cells in a tumor, and the pathways that regulate them are critical for ongoing clinical success. Green synthesis of a nanoparticle is the safest method of synthesis which avoids the production of toxic by-products. Natural components such as organic systems are ideal for solvent free toxic green synthesis. Numerous biological materials like bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant extracts are used for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. In this chapter, we describe the synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles and their role in the generation of ROS to perform various activities. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of biomolecules, organic waste materials, and microbes leads to a reduction in toxicity. The biogenic syntheses not only reduce cost but also reduce hazardous chemicals and promote green synthesis. Moreover, we also describe the bioconjugated drugs with nanoparticles as promising anticancer nanomedicine. Such novel smart drug delivery nanomedicine induces ROS and decreases the side effects and improves the efficacy.KeywordsNanoparticlesReactive oxygen speciesToxicityBiogenic synthesis