Abstract
Bacterial canker of tomato caused by the bacterial pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is a major limiting factor for tomato production worldwide. Currently there exists no resistant variety of tomato to bacterial canker; only cultural and chemical controls are available. This study synthesized AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) via a green chemistry route and investigated their bactericidal potential against bacterial canker of tomato (BCT). AgNPs were prepared using mycellial aqueous extract of agriculturally beneficial fungi Pythium oligandrum. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by using UV–Vis spectroscopy for the absorbance pattern while their morphology was investigated by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The X-ray diffraction profile for the biogenic AgNPs confirmed a crystalline structure with an average particle size of 12 nm. AgNPs treated seeds showed a normal germination rate with normal seedling growth. An in-vitro study found that the prepared AgNPs caused the maximum inhibition of the bacterial pathogen. In the greenhouse the introduction of AgNPs significantly prevents and inhibits the bacterial pathogen Cmm on tomato plants. These results suggest that this process is a strong candidate for industrial scale production of AgNPs. These particles act as an inhibitor and broad spectrum antibacterial agent against cmm, and hence offer a new and eco-friendly alternative in BCT control.
Highlights
Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causative agent of bacterial canker of tomato (BCT) [9, 10] and a major production restraint, causing signi cant economic losses worldwide [11,12,13]
Previous work on AgNPs found that a surface plasmon resonance peak (SPR) peak between 410–450 nm may be attributed to spherical AgNPs [38,39,40], and this was further con rmed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analysis
A change in color from transparent to dark brown was observed when the fungal extract was signifying a erexdpuocsteidontoofAAgNg+Oin3 tosalAt gs0o(lFutigiounrein3(b1):)1 ratio, which was further con rmed by UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis. e absorbance peak at 430 nm for nonboiled biomass supports the hypothesis that enzymes secreted from fungi are responsible for reducing silver ions into AgNPs. e production of plant growth promoter auxin compounds e.g. tryptamine (TNH2) by P. oligandrum adds to its importance [41]. e obtained result is in complete agreement with previously published work [42,43,44]
Summary
Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causative agent of bacterial canker of tomato (BCT) [9, 10] and a major production restraint, causing signi cant economic losses worldwide [11,12,13]. Michiganensis is the causative agent of bacterial canker of tomato (BCT) [9, 10] and a major production restraint, causing signi cant economic losses worldwide [11,12,13]. It is considered to be controlled by quarantine measures in Europe but is still prevalent in Pakistan and many other countries [15] Possible reasons behind this could be the lack of appropriate quarantine measures and the use of infected seeds [16]. Research into conventional nanotechnology involves chemical and physical methods e.g. streptomycin has been used for decades as an antibacterial product [14] but there is a need to develop eco-friendly and cost-e ective alternatives. AgNPs have recently attracted attention due to their antiviral e ects against hepatitis B type virus and human immune de ciency virus (HIV-1) [32]
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