Abstract
Green chemistry approaches for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have become a new and promising field of research in recent years. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles [like gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and other metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.] by various chemical and physical approaches as well as the biological approaches mediated by number of microorganisms have been actively found. Plant-mediated synthesis approaches are found to be more reliable and economic route to synthesize these metal nanoparticles. Owing to the biodiversity of plant biomasses, the actual mechanism by which the plant constituents have contributed to the synthetic process is yet to be fully known. Although the feasibility of controlling, the size and shape of nanoparticles by variation in reaction conditions have been demonstrated in many studies. Conventionally, nanoparticles are synthesized by chemicals and physicochemical methods using several chemicals which later on become accountable for various risk due to their general toxicity, so that solving the objective biological approaches is coming up to fill these gaps. The plant-mediated synthesis process undergoes highly controlled approaches for making them suitable for metal nanoparticle synthesis. In addition, biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, one-step, and eco-friendly method. In addition, the plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for various diseases such as malaria, HIV, cancer, hepatitis, and other diseases. Including this some other relevant information regarding nanopharmaceutical products, companies that are involve in the manufacturing and commercialization process and their clinical trial status are also discussed. This review article gives an overview of the plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, possible compounds, and mechanisms that might be responsible for the reduction process as well as the potential pharmacological applications, currently available nanopharmaceutical products and their marketing status.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Nanotechnology is one of the most effective and novel area of research in modern material science
We review the methods of making nanoparticles using different plant extracts, possible mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis, and their pharmaceutical applications, and products available in the market their clinical trial status are reviewed
This review paper summarizes the recent research advances in the field of metal nanoparticle synthesis through plant extract and critically discusses the various mechanism proposed behind it. Plants or their extracts can be effectively used in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles, as a greener approach
Summary
Nanotechnology is one of the most effective and novel area of research in modern material science. The main benefit of plant-based synthesis approaches over classical chemical and physical method is more eco-friendly, cheaper, and scale-up process for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles other than there is no need of to use high temperature, pressure, and toxic chemicals [19]. A large number of research papers have been reported on biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using microbes like bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants (Table 1). This is due to their reducing or antioxidant properties that are responsible for the reduction of, respectively, metal nanoparticles.
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