Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) belonging to the nanovesicles family that function as signaling molecules between cells. After their first description in the late 1960s, interest in their potential as a research target has steadily increased. They are small secreted organelles with a single membrane that are well enriched in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes take part in a larger communication network in which cells communicate between one another by DNA shuttling, proteins, RNA, and membrane-bound factors. The machinery of protein quality control occurs through the process termed “exosome biogenesis”. Furthermore, the pathway involved in intercellular movement of vesicles is vital in various aspects of human health and diseases. Due to their inherent properties, exosomes are currently being developed as potential therapeutic agents in a wide range of diseases including infectious and non-infectious diseases. Exosomes and other EVs sourced from Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown in different studies to possess therapeutic effects in diverse disease models either in vivo or in vitro. Some mechanisms and/or pathways that MSC-derived exosomes use to illustrate their therapeutic effect against some diseases have also been summarized. This review aims to highlight the recent findings and potential therapeutic application of exosomes in different diseases such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, obesity, neural, soft tissues, bone, and cartilage.
Highlights
Before the late 1960s, little was known about exosomes until their first description by two investigators namely Bonucci and Anderson [1,2]
It is difficult to assign to the Vesicles (ISEV), extracellular vesicle (EV) an extracellular vesicles (EVs) toisathe particular pathway of biogenesis, except that the process was observed using live imaging generic name used to refer to particles naturally released from a cell that is composed of a lipid techniques nomenclature of exosomes is derivednucleus)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other cell type-derived exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication by using several neurotrophic factors, protein, and genetic materials to axons, and they can inhibit the issues resulting from stem cell transplantation
Summary
Before the late 1960s, little was known about exosomes until their first description by two investigators namely Bonucci and Anderson [1,2]. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that function as signaling molecules between cells These exosomes are secreted organelles with a single membrane usually small in size with a diameter of ∼30 to 200 nm. Vesicles (ISEV), extracellular vesicle (EV) an EV toisathe particular pathway of biogenesis, except that the process was observed using live imaging generic name used to refer to particles naturally released from a cell that is composed of a lipid techniques nomenclature of exosomes is derivednucleus). There are three ways in which exosome which biogenesis is formed Endosomes their immediate release from the plasma membrane by which vesicular budding, budding into discrete with multivesicular body maturation, releases and lastly, its release is delayed due tofusion. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains role in protein loading and exosome biogenesis.
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