Abstract
Crude oil exhaustion and greenhouse emissions have remained a global concern till date. Domestic production of biofuel blends and micro-emulsion as substitutes for conventional fuel in tackling greenhouse gas emission has challenges like feedstock inadequacy, fuel-energy content, compatibility, oxidation stability and other automotive fuel property issues. Strategies to address these issues are discussed in this study. Case study of Nigeria shows that an annual conversion rate of 6.9/3.3% (2.1: 1) of cassava wastes will meet its E10/E5 blend from local production capacity. An effort has been made to correlate existing ethanol and biodiesel yields, ƐѱE and ƐѱB with expected oil yield as a function of gasoline and diesel shares, αE and αB per hectare of cultivation, to generate total oil yield per desired short and medium term biofuel targets utilizing selected feedstock at applicable yield bounds. A typical E10 gasohol from cassava will need 16,133 and 28,543 hectares from cassava plantation to meet its annual short and medium term biofuel targets. The r2-square value of 0.6402 for CF/SPeel and 0.9044 for CF/SPulp is an indication that more litre/tonne volume of ethanol could be produced from CF/SPeel except for in consistency when ammonia extract and urea are used as nitrogen source. Specific energy for direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) from daily production capacity equivalence of E10 per annum is estimated at 2.34GWh/Kg. Biofuel and fuel cells are good alternatives to explore as replacement of fossil fuel in automotive application.
Highlights
The global automobiles count has increased exponentially, trending with utilization of battery electric vehicles, synthetic fuel and fuel cell in the recent times, accounting for significance of the transportation sector in global economies
Chemical synthesis yields better quality than mechanical process, i.e., extraction and yeast-fermentation of sugar-crops produces a first generation ethanol, of 70% less energy due to higher octane value when blended with gasoline, whereas, the biodiesel produced by chemical process of trans-esterification of oil using ethanol or methanolgenerates88 to 95%of traditional diesel energy content, giving improved lubricity andcetane value, with fuel economy delivery capacity of traditional diesel [8]
The scarcely available advanced technology for the commercialization of the second generation ethanol through lingo-cellulosic biomasses such as waste seed husks and stalks should not limit the production of biofuel from other sources [36],Short and long-term engine testswhich have been carried out by researchers on different plant oils through chemical alterations and blends with diesel fuel to prevent premature engine failure includes Bruwer et al, (1980b),they studied the performance of sunflower seed oil (100%), as a replacement for diesel fuel in a farm tractor operation [37]
Summary
The global automobiles count has increased exponentially, trending with utilization of battery electric vehicles, synthetic fuel and fuel cell in the recent times, accounting for significance of the transportation sector in global economies. The scarcely available advanced technology for the commercialization of the second generation ethanol through lingo-cellulosic biomasses such as waste seed husks and stalks should not limit the production of biofuel from other sources [36],Short and long-term engine testswhich have been carried out by researchers on different plant oils through chemical alterations and blends with diesel fuel to prevent premature engine failure includes Bruwer et al, (1980b),they studied the performance of sunflower seed oil (100%), as a replacement for diesel fuel in a farm tractor operation [37] They reported an 8% power defect over a thousand (1,000) hours of operation, corrected by using injector pumps and fuel injectors. This means biofuel-GHG savings reduces with indirect land use change of existing cropland for cultivation of feedstock (Table 4)
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