Abstract
Abstract The study of microbes in and around us that have a drastic affect on human health plays a vital role in medicine. Bacterial infections kill millions of people in the world. The structured formation of bacterial communities, known as biofilms, is the major cause of bacterial infections. Nosocomial infections are caused by biofilms due to their pathogenic nature. Biofilms contribute about 80% and 65% to chronic and microbial infections respectively. The adhesion of bacteria to implant surface is the source of biofilm formation. Therefore, the surface characteristics of the implant material dictate the host cells association and response. Biofilms are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and the human immune system. Implants surface modifications play a vital role in improving their biocompatibility and anti-infection properties. Providing antibacterial and adhesion resistant surface coating acts as a novel approach to combat biofilms. This review presents the process of biofilm formation on different implants and the next generation of surface modification techniques to enhance biocompatibility and antimicrobial functionality using surface engineering and nanobiotechnology..
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