Abstract
Drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segment of eye remains a challenge. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has indicated some promise. The presented review aims to summarize recent advancements in chitosan-based nanotherapies for ocular drug delivery and the challenges encountered during the process. Significant research using chitosan, a cationic linear polymer, is being conducted for ocular drug delivery. A vast number of publications exploit the mucoadhesive properties of the polymer, which arise due to interactions between the amino acids of chitosan and the sialic acid residues in mucous. The high degree of crosslinking in chitosan nanoparticles facilitates a dramatic increase in ocular drug retention of the desired drug, which subsequently helps in ocular penetration and improving the bioavailability of the drugs. A noted decrease in the initial burst of the drug is the basis for developing sustained drug release formulation using biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan polymer. In vitro as well as in vivo studies have indicated enhancement in the uptake, accumulation, and removal of chitosan nanoparticles from the site of delivery. In summary, chitosan- or modified-chitosan-based nanoparticles are being widely tested as drug carriers for treatment of bacterial and viral infections, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
Highlights
In 1811, a French professor named Henri Braconnot conducted research on mushrooms that led to the discovery of ‘fungine’, which was later termed chitin
Baseddiseases on the like glaucoma, diabetic polymers retinopathy, bacterial or fungal literature, the trendage-related has shifted tomacular explore adegeneration, variety of biodegradable to fabricate nanoparticles endophthalmitis are associated with defects in of the that can be administered to the posterior segment theposterior eye [48]. chamber of the eye
Biodegradation is the process of breaking down hydrophilic chitosan polymer into smaller fragments that are suitable for renal clearance
Summary
In 1811, a French professor named Henri Braconnot conducted research on mushrooms that led to the discovery of ‘fungine’, which was later termed chitin. Chitin is chemically (β-(1–4)-poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) and is the second most abundant. Chitinafter is chemically and is the second most abundant biopolymer cellulose.(β-(1–4)-poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Being an aminopolysaccharide, it is obtained from the exoskeletons of biopolymer after cellulose. It is obtained from the exoskeletons of biopolymer after cellulose Being an aminopolysaccharide, it is obtained from the exoskeletons of crustaceans like lobster, shrimp, barnacles, crab, insects, and the cell walls of fungi [2]. In 1859, crustaceans lobster, shrimp, barnacles, crab, insects, and thederivative cell wallsofofchitin fungi[3]. 2018, theantimicrobial global chitosan market wound dressing, are explored to a great extent. 2018, the global chitosan market size was size was valued at USD 5.71 billion.
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