Abstract

AbstractLignocellulosic or 2G ethanol has enticed a great deal of attention as one of the promising renewable energy fuels which will permit shift from finite fossil fuel to infinite biomass as a resource. The demand for ethanol in the market especially in blended petroleum-based products is increasing day by day as ethanol has higher octane number making it thermally efficient than traditional fuels. Additionally, fuel extracted primarily from biomass can be converted into all the three forms such as solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. First-generation bioethanol or bioethanol from feedstocks has a fundamental disadvantage that it is mainly based on utilizing crops in the food-feed chain; therefore, interest in second-generation bioethanol from non-edible lignocellulose feedstock is ramping up as an economical and eco-friendly sustainable energy system. The copious availability of lignocellulosic biomass lowers the investment cost, and the obtained biofuel liberates less greenhouse gasses mitigating adverse environmental impacts. In this perspective, the present chapter aims to discuss lignocellulosic ethanol as a substitute to fossil-reliant resources. The chapter highlights the secondary and tertiary sources and optimum condition of fermentation to produce first-, second-, and third-generation bioethanol.The first section of the chapter emphasizes on the different sources of celluloses and types of microbes which can reduce or ferment multiple substrates and their use in pretreatment as well as fermentation to obtain ethanol. It may be concluded that use of optimum conditions (temperatures, pH, and enzymes) and selecting the most efficient microorganisms give apparently high yield and concentration of bioethanol from lignocellulose biomass. The second section includes an overview of existing techniques used for pretreatment and fermentation. The study also discussed the current and future scenario of bioethanol production in the Indian context. Further efficient utilization of by-products and improved valorization which will directly reduce the final cost of ethanol are cohesively discussed.KeywordsBioethanolLignocellulosic biomassFermentationPretreatmentValorization

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