Abstract
Abstract Immunotherapy, a monumental advancement in antitumor therapy, still yields limited clinical benefits owing to its unguaranteed efficacy and safety. Therapeutic systems derived from cellular, bacterial, and viral sources possess inherent properties that are conducive to antitumor immunotherapy. However, crude biomimetic systems have restricted functionality and may produce undesired toxicity. With the advances in biotechnology, various toolkits are available to add or subtract certain properties of living organisms to create flexible therapeutic platforms. This review elaborates on the creation of bioengineered systems by gene editing, synthetic biology, and surface engineering to enhance immunotherapy. The modifying strategies on the systems are discussed, including equipment of navigation and recognition systems to improve therapeutic precision, introduction of controllable components to control the duration and intensity of treatment, addition of immunomodulatory components to amplify immune activation, and removal of toxicity factors to ensure biosafety. Finally, we summarize the advantages of bioengineered immunotherapeutic systems and possible directions for their clinical translation.
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