Abstract
Genetically engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) offer promising applications for gene therapy, immunotherapy, and vaccine delivery. Importantly, OMVs are biocompatible, biodegradable, and easy to engineer and produce on a large scale. In this chapter, we discuss the development and application of bioengineered OMVs for optoacoustics-guided phototherapy applications (theranostics). We provide detailed protocols for OMVs preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo validation. The engineered OMVs carry the biopolymer melanin, which generates a strong optoacoustic (OA) signal and intense heat upon absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light, enabling optoacoustics-guided cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy in vivo.
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