Abstract
Various types of models have been used for years to explain human body response to vibration or impact and to understand injury or performance decrement. This paper reviews recent developments in this area. Although lumped parameter models are extremely useful to understand the basic dynamics occurring in the body structure, the advent of large computers allows the realistic modeling of geometric and mechanical properties of the human body and detailed calculation of body motions and deformation under external forces. Internal stresses and tissue displacement, in turn, can be correlated with hard and soft tissue injury. Two such specific models to be discussed will be the Articulated Total Body Model (ATBM) and the Head‐Spine Model (HSM). The ATBM is used to predict the gross motions of the human body and limbs under impact and sustained acceleration; the HSM addresses the stresses, deformation, and injury probability of the human spine under impact and whole body impedance under vibration. Application of these models to automotive crash and aerospace medical problems will be reviewed and demonstrated by motion pictures.
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