Abstract
Many natural products have been isolated from the cryptic species of the Indonesian marine sponge. Despite this, it remains unclear how sponges produce such a diverse array of metabolites and their relationship to sponge diversity. During our expedition in 2017-2019, we collected the Indonesian marine sponge of the genus Aaptos, which was found surrounding Weh and Aceh Islands, the northwesternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago. All specimens were subjected to a feature-based molecular networking approach to understand their relationship. The molecular phylogenetic clades of genus Aaptos were examined by cytochrome oxide I (COI) while the presence of their chemotypes were confirmed by chemical analysis based on bioassay-guided separation with several steps of chromatography. As results, the presence Aaptos suberitoides, Aaptos aaptos, Aaptos nigra, Aaptos lobata, and Aaptos sp. were confirmed by the molecular phylogenetic. On the other hand, chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid-class molecules on all specimens. Interestingly, feature-based molecular networking revealed the whole figure of cryptic species were formed a clear and distinct group together with their chemotypes. Consequently, it confirmed that the relationship between the presence of each species as well as its chemotype can be distinguished clearly. In conclusion, we suspect the chemical analysis of the genus Aaptos have unknowingly conflated between different cryptic species, resulting in the seemingly idiosyncratic chemical variations.
Highlights
Metabolites found in marine ecosystems exhibit wide structural diversity and bioactive properties [1]
By uploading the results on the GNPS web platform, the feature-based on molecular networking may reveal the whole figure of diversity in the sponge of the genus Aaptos relating to their chemotypes
A. aaptos, A. lobata, A. nigra, and A. suberitoides were spread in the northern part while Aaptos sp. was spread in the western part of Weh Island (Fig. 4)
Summary
Metabolites found in marine ecosystems exhibit wide structural diversity and bioactive properties [1]. Sponge, which belongs to the phylum Porifera, is known to contain a variety of secondary metabolites [2]. FDA has been approved 3 marine drugs derived from sponges such as anticancer cytarabine (ara-C) and anticancer Eribulin mesylate, and antiviral vidarabine (ara-A) [4,5,6,7]. Sponge genus Aaptos is found in a wide range of ecosystems, including the South China Sea, Japanese, Indonesian, and Caribbean waters [8,9,10,11]. Many other research groups throughout the world have carried out chemical analyses on different Aaptos species to investigate the structural diversity [1315]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
