Abstract
Simple SummaryThe role of plant diversity near greenhouses is heavily debated because it may have both negative and positive effects on pest control inside greenhouses. In this review, we discuss these potential risks and benefits. Although there is the risk of an increased influx of some pests and of viruses transmitted by pests, we argue that biodiversity in the adjacent environment usually has limited effects on pest abundance in greenhouses in temperate climates, as most greenhouse pests in temperate climates are of exotic origin. The main benefit of increased biodiversity near greenhouses is the immigration of natural enemies that can suppress pests inside greenhouses. An open question is how this can be promoted by specific plant communities, plant characteristics, and habitats while minimising risks. Plant biodiversity inside greenhouses can also support biological control. We summarise general methods that growers can use to enhance pest control with functional biodiversity and suggest that it is particularly important to study how biodiversity inside and outside greenhouses can be linked to enhancement of biological pest control with both released and naturally occurring species of natural enemies.One of the ecosystem services of biodiversity is the contribution to pest control through conservation and stimulation of natural enemies. However, whether plant diversity around greenhouses is beneficial or a potential risk is heavily debated. In this review, we argue that most greenhouse pests in temperate climates are of exotic origin and infest greenhouses mainly through transportation of plant material. For indigenous pests, we discuss the potential ways in which plant diversity around greenhouses can facilitate or prevent pest migrations into greenhouses. As shown in several studies, an important benefit of increased plant diversity around greenhouses is the stimulation of indigenous natural enemies that migrate to greenhouses, where they suppress both indigenous and exotic pests. How this influx can be supported by specific plant communities, plant characteristics, and habitats while minimising risks of increasing greenhouse pest densities, virus transmission, or hyperparasitism needs further studies. It also requires a better understanding of the underlying processes that link biodiversity with pest management. Inside greenhouses, plant biodiversity can also support biological control. We summarise general methods that growers can use to enhance pest control with functional biodiversity and suggest that it is particularly important to study how biodiversity inside and outside greenhouses can be linked to enhancement of biological pest control with both released and naturally occurring species of natural enemies.
Highlights
IntroductionBiodiversityin ingeneral generalincreases increasesthe thelevel leveland andstability stabilityof ofecosystems ecosystemsservices, services,which whichBiodiversity is defined as a suite of benefits that ecosystems provide to humanity [1]
(3) provision of food for natural enemies; (4) influx of indigenous pests through long-distance aerial dispersal; (5) indigenous natural enemies around greenhouses that control pests outside and inside greenhouses; (6) indigenous pests around greenhouses that actively migrate into greenhouses and transmit viruses in some cases; (7) indigenous syrphids that migrate to greenhouses and contribute to pollination and aphid control inside greenhouses; (8) hyperparasitoids that migrate to greenhouses and disrupt biological control; (9) banker plants inside greenhouses that support natural enemies; (10)
Natural enemies around greenhouses that control pests outside and inside greenhouses; (6) indigenous pests around greenhouses that actively migrate into greenhouses and transmit viruses in some cases; (7) indigenous syrphids that migrate to greenhouses and contribute to pollination and aphid control inside greenhouses; (8) hyperparasitoids that migrate to greenhouses and disrupt biological control; (9) banker plants inside greenhouses that support natural enemies; (10) diversity of plant species near greenhouses that support natural enemies by providing shelter, nectar, alternative prey, and pollen; and (11) ventilation windows as entrances for indigenous pests and natural enemies and (12) a possible pathway for migration of greenhouse pests and natural enemies to the vegetation near greenhouses
Summary
Biodiversityin ingeneral generalincreases increasesthe thelevel leveland andstability stabilityof ofecosystems ecosystemsservices, services,which which. Several have shown enhanced pollen, nectar, and refugia have studies shown enhanced pest control pest control through increased plant diversity in or near cropping systems [4,5,6,7]. Insects 2021, 12, 933 influx of pests is often seen as one of the benefits of horticulture in greenhouses compared to outdoor crop cultivation This protection will depend on the greenhouse structure, which varies from rather basic plastic tunnels to high-tech glasshouses [17]. In most cases, greenhouses are connected to the environment through the ventilation windows This open connection with the environment is reason of concern about the increase of plant diversity near greenhouses by some growers because it would potentially increase the influx of pests and viruses from the surrounding vegetation. We analyse whether there are such risks of increased pest influx through increased plant diversity, and we discuss whether such biodiversity can be used to enhance greenhouse pest management
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