Biodiversity and healing activities of medicinal plants in the area of Kamchia Nature Complex

Abstract

Introduction: Kamchia Nature Complex is part of the wetlands of importance in Bulgaria and has a global significance for preserving Europe's unique freshwater swamp forests also known as flooded (floodplain) forests (Bulgarian, Turkish: longoz). Aim: The study aims to bring up to date the list of medicinal plants in the area of Kamchia Nature Complex and to create a present-day database of their ecological and biological characteristics, floral elements, conservation significance and status. In addition, this study is designed to collect data available on the healing properties, usable parts, and the groups of diseases these medicinal plants are applicable for. Materials and Methods: Field surveys were conducted during the 2013–2015 vegetation seasons applying enroute survey methods. Floristic analysis was performed by the Tolmachev's method (1974). Species were determined by “Flora of the Republic of Bulgaria” and “Identification. Guide to Higher Plants in Bulgaria”. Results and Discussion: We have identified 183 species of medicinal plants out of 435 species of higher plants. The established medicinal plants refer to 60 families and 150 genera. The prevailing biology type is the herbaceous perennial plants—102 species (56%). The mesophyte plants occupy dominant position in terms of moisture and humidity as a factor—91 species (50%). Floristic analysis reveals Eurasian geo-elements as being predominant—34 (19%), with 60 (33%) species of different types of Mediterranean distribution. Species of conservation significance represent 20% of medicinal plants. The established medicinal plants have more than 30 species of healing activities, one third of which is used primarily for treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Species in which the above ground portion of the plant is collected for its plant substance constitute half of the established medicinal plants. Conclusion: Survey results reveal a considerable variety of medicinal plants in Kamchia Natural Complex area. Тhey feature a variety of healing properties and are applicable for a wide range of diseases.