Abstract
The biogeography and ecology of the species of Chthamalus present on the west coast of America are described, using data from 51 localities from Alaska to Panama, together with their zonation on the shore with respect to that of other barnacles. The species present were C. dalli, Pilsbry 1916, C. fissus, Darwin, 1854, C. anisopoma Pilsbry 1916 and four species in the C. panamensis complex. The latter are C. panamensis Pilsbry, 1916, C. hedgecocki, Pitombo & Burton, 2007, C. alani nom. nov. (formerly C. southwardorum Pitombo & Burton, 2007) and C. newmani sp. nov.). These four species were initially separated by enzyme electrophoresis. They could only be partially separated by DNA bar coding but may be separated using morphological characters.
Highlights
Small chthamalid barnacles are a major world-wide component of the rocky intertidal zone of tropical and sub-tropical shores, though only a few species penetrate into temperate latitudes
In the present study we describe in detail the morphology of Chthamalus species in the North Eastern Pacific, including C. anisopoma and the four species in the panamensis complex, relate this to the results of enzyme electrophoresis and DNA barcoding, and provide keys to separate all the species of Chthamalus known from the North Eastern Pacific
Urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C460612-D362-49BA-9A20-F2895C4CE1F5 the authority for this species name change rests with BKK Chan Figs 2A and 2B and 3–5 Chthamalus southwardorum Pitombo & Burton, 2007: 9, figs 9–14
Summary
Small chthamalid barnacles are a major world-wide component of the rocky intertidal zone of tropical and sub-tropical shores, though only a few species penetrate into temperate latitudes. Darwin [1] described Chthamalus fissus from California, but otherwise it was to be assumed that the rest of the Pacific was inhabited by “varieties” of the world-wide species Chthamalus stellatus. As more specimens reached the museums, Pilsbry [2] distinguished C. dalli of the north-east Pacific temperate region, leaving C. fissus restricted to the warm-temperate region of southern California. Pilsbry [2] described a curiously asymmetrical species, C. anisopoma from the Gulf of California, (Sea of Cortez) and two new species from the Panama Canal Zone. C. imperatrix, has been assigned to Microeuraphia, but the other, Chthamalus panamensis, has caused severe problems to naturalists because of its apparent wide distribution from Baja California to Peru and to the difficulty of separating it from C. fissus and C. dalli. The apparent lack of distinct morphological characters to separate C. fissus and C. panamensis, especially of differences in cirri, mouth-parts and their setation, led Southward & Newman [3] to suggest that C. fissus, C. panamensis and the Caribbean form of C. bisinuatus (since distinguished as C. proteus, Dando & Southward [4]) should be regarded as varieties of a single
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