Abstract
Wet washing is a widely used method for biodiesel purification. However, this technique generates a large amount of wastewater that needs to be treated afterward, which is costly and time-consuming. Thus, solvent-aided crystallization (SAC) with ultrasonic irradiation as solution movement assistance was introduced. This technique is based on the addition of 1-butanol to biodiesel to enhance purification via crystallization. During crystallization, two phases are formed, where glycerol solidifies (solid phase) and pure biodiesel remains (liquid phase). Technically, the implementation of ultrasonic technology can optimize laboratory work by saving time, as no cleaning or washing of the propeller is needed. Biodiesel purity was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), where a purity of 99% was achieved. The optimum parameters in achieving higher purity fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were a 1-butanol concentration of 1 wt.%, a coolant temperature of 9 °C, and a crystallization time of 40 min.
Highlights
The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield is determined by analyzing the samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine the quality of biodiesel in terms of FAME [21]
About 60 mL of glycerol was produced after one day of gravitational settling in the sample containing 600 mL of crude biodiesel
Summary
The proposed approach to purify biodiesel is the use of solvent-aided crystallization (SAC) [12,13]. This separation technique is suitable for highly viscous liquids, such as glycerol and biodiesel. The SAC method can be conducted to assist solution movement through the irradiation technique, where a common crystallization process uses a propeller to stir the sample [13,15]. A new solvent movement assistant can be introduced by pairing the ultrasonic technology with SAC In this experiment, an ultrasonic probe was placed in the sample and used to stir the sample using a radiation wave. This study attempts to purify biodiesel using the SAC method with new solution movement assistance. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield is determined by analyzing the samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
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