Biodiesel Production Using Modified Direct Transesterification by Sequential Use of Acid-Base Catalysis and Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Using Various Blends

T M Yunus Khan,Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar,Sanjeev V Khandal,Sarfaraz Kamangar,Nazia Hossain,M A Mujtaba,Imran Mokashi,Irfan Anjum Badruddin

doi:10.3390/su13179731

T M Yunus Khan, Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179731

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Abstract

Biodiesel is a seemingly suitable alternative substitute for conventional fossil fuels to run a diesel engine. In the first part of the study, the production of biodiesel by modified direct transesterification (MDT) is reported. An enhancement in the biodiesel yield with a considerable reduction in reaction time with the MDT method was observed. The required duration for diesel and biodiesel blending was minimized including glycerol separation time from biodiesel in the MDT method. The development in the automotive sector mainly focuses on the design of an efficient, economical, and low emission greenhouse gas diesel engine. In the current experimental work Ceiba pentandra/Nigella sativa and diesel blends (CPB10 and NSB10) were used to run the diesel engine. A variety of approaches were implemented to improve the engine performance for these combinations of fuels. The fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) was set at 240 bar, the torriodal re-entrant combustion chamber (TRCC) having a six-hole injector with a 0.2 mm orifice diameter each, provided better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with lower emissions compared with the hemispherical combustion chamber (HCC) and trapezoidal combustion chamber (TCC) for both CPB10 and NSB10. CPB10 showed better performance compared with NSB10. A maximum BTE of 29.1% and 28.6% were achieved with CPB10 and NSB10, respectively, at all optimized conditions. Diesel engine operation with CPB10 and NSB10 at 23° bTDC fuel injection timing, and 240 bar IOP with TRCC can yield better results, close to a diesel run engine at 23° bTDC fuel injection timing, and 205 bar IOP with HCC.

Highlights

Introduction distributed under the terms andIn the perspective of green emissions, biodiesel was regarded as a supplement to diesel as fuel [1,2]
The properties obtained by modified direct transesterification (MDT) applied to Nigella sativa and Ceiba pentandra display scarce differences in the properties of fuel produced by Direct Transesterification (DT) and MDT methods
It can be confidently said that the MDT and DT are well-qualified to be adopted as biodiesel production techniques

Summary

Introduction

In the perspective of green emissions, biodiesel was regarded as a supplement to diesel as fuel [1,2]. Being a renewable fuel with low emission characteristics, biodiesel production has spiked. Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of triglycerides with methanol using a catalyst [3]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9731 biodiesel as a commercial fuel in contrast to diesel. The driving requisites for these reforms are improved production rate, enhanced fuel properties, economical operation, reduction in manufacturing and reaction time, ideal reaction conditions etc. The application of boron trifluoride, an acidic catalyst, and sodium methoxide, a base catalyst, in combination with microalgae by direct transesterification was more effective than their use individually [4]

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