Abstract
K+ modified hydrotalcites and its activity as a solid base catalyst for ultrasonic wave- assisted biodiesel conversion was investigated. The solid alkaline catalysts of the MgAl-hydrotalcites (HT) was prepared by co-precipitation and modified with K+ by impregnation. The influence of K+ incorporation on the performance of Mg-Al hydrotalcites catalysts was investigated by SmartLab X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), infrared spectrum (IR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), CO2 temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm (BET). The research discovered that K+ modified of double layered structure of MgAl-hydrotalcite resulted in a significant increase in catalytic activity in transesterification of rapeseed oil. It exhibited high catalytic activity that achieved a biodiesel yield of 99% when the reaction was conducted with 2 wt% catalysts, K+/HT load ratio of 6.25%, a methanol/rapeseed oil molar ratio of 12:1, and reaction at 60 °C over 1 h. The result showed that the K+ modified HT as a transesterification catalyst had the potency for biodiesel conversion. In addition, under the above reaction conditions, the biodiesel yield was up to 99.9% in only five minutes with ultrasonic aid.
Highlights
Biodiesel refers to a nonpetroleum-based fuel that can be used in compression–ignition engines, produced from renewable biological resources such as triglycerides, generally composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) [1,2,3,4]
Conventional biodiesel was mostly prepared by homogeneous alkali catalytic process, which has some disadvantages such as heavy pollution, difficult recycling of catalyst, and easy deactivation of catalyst by water and free fatty acids in raw materials [10]
Solid base catalysts have been attracting extensive attention due to their high catalytic activity and reusability [11]. This type of catalyst is used in biodiesel synthesis and includes supported catalysts such as KI/Al2 O3 [12], K2 CO3 /Al2 O3 -SiO2 [13], and metal oxides such as CaO [14], ion-exchange resin [15], and Hydrotalcite-like anionic clay [16]
Summary
Biodiesel refers to a nonpetroleum-based fuel that can be used in compression–ignition engines, produced from renewable biological resources such as triglycerides (plant oils and animal fats), generally composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) [1,2,3,4]. It was prepared by transesterification of triglyceride with lower alcohol under catalyst conditions. This type of catalyst is used in biodiesel synthesis and includes supported catalysts such as KI/Al2 O3 [12], K2 CO3 /Al2 O3 -SiO2 [13], and metal oxides such as CaO [14], ion-exchange resin [15], and Hydrotalcite-like anionic clay [16]
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