Abstract
Waste oils are becoming increasingly more important as feedstock for the production of fuels and glycerol as byproduc. Optimization of homogeneous transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) to biodiesel over hydroxide potassium (KOH) catalyst have been investigated. In this respect, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the relationships between methanol and WFO molar ratio (3:1–12:1), KOH concentration (0.5%–2%) and temperature (25–65 °C) on the conversion yield. Transesterification of WFO produced 96.33% maximum methyl ester yield at the optimum methanol/WFO molar ratio 7.3:1, KOH loading 0.5 wt. % and the reaction temperature was 58.30 °C. The physicochemical properties of optimized biodiesel met the requirements of the European Norm 14214, such as kinematic viscosity at 40 °C 4.57 mm/s2, the sulfur content 0.005 wt. %, and the density at 15 °C 889.3 kg/m3. This study also examined the accelerated oxidation of biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends under combined temperature and air effect at different periods of time while measuring their acidity. Results have shown that total acid number increased proportionally to the biodiesel content of the biodiesel/diesel blends from 0.5 mgKOH/g for B7 (7% (v/v) biodiesel and 93% (v/v) diesel) up to 2.8 mg KOH/g for B100 (100% biodiesel). The synthesized trans-esterified oil can be a potential alternative to petrodiesel, hence its application at an industrial scale. This work also reports some properties of crude glycerol (CG) derived from biodiesel from WFO. The glycerol yield (%), pH, water content (wt. %), density at 15 °C (g/cm3), and kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) was analyzed according to standard test methods.
Highlights
By 2030, the consumption of biofuels in transportation needs to triple to meet the projected fuel demand and the requirement for 10% of biofuels to be used in transportation—up from 3% in 2017—according to the SDS (Sustainable Development Scenario)
The transesterification process necessarily required a minimum of 3:1 methanol-to-oil ratio to yield 3 mol of ester and 1 mol of glycerol [49]
A second-order model was found using response surface methodology (RSM) optimization to predict biodiesel yield based on transesterification parameters
Summary
By 2030, the consumption of biofuels in transportation needs to triple to meet the projected fuel demand and the requirement for 10% of biofuels to be used in transportation—up from 3% in 2017—according to the SDS (Sustainable Development Scenario). In the five years, a growth of only 2.5% is expected. India, and Latin America are experiencing a greater acceleration in demand for biofuels in the SDS. Biofuel production in these countries should increase over the five years. The transport biofuel industries are at a premature step in Mexico and South Africa. To stay in sync with the SDS, market development and technological progress are needed [1]
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