Abstract
The world needs to increase renewable and alternative fuel sources such as Biomass, Bioethanol, and Biodiesel to compete with fossil fuels. Biodiesel is an important renewable fuel source since it can be used in regular diesel vehicles without requiring engine modifications. Conventional biodiesel production takes around 90 min of reaction time. A longer reaction time is not suitable for commercial production. Furthermore, traditional products such as oil react with biodiesel methoxide to produce a maximum of 90% biodiesel yield. As the catalyst is not involved with the reaction, pure methanol and methoxide (methanol with KOH catalyst) are separately added to the system to enhance the pre-reaction step. By changing the methanol to methoxide ratio, biodiesel is produced, and yield is calculated. The highest yield, which is 95%, is obtained with a 5:15% methanol to methoxide ratio. The total reaction time with the new experimental procedure is only 20 min. That is a significant reduction by saving operating costs such as energy consumption. Produced biodiesel show similar properties to that of standard biodiesel.
Highlights
Global warming and environmental pollution are alarming today due to fossil fuel combustion in the power generation and the transport sector
The properties of the fresh coconut oil and the oil sample composition are given in Table 1 and Table 2
The following values were obtained for the maximum yield; Reaction time: 20 min, Reaction temperature: 60oC, RPM: 600, Methanol: 20 vol%, KOH: 1 wt.%, Methanol + Methoxide: 5%+15%
Summary
Global warming and environmental pollution are alarming today due to fossil fuel combustion in the power generation and the transport sector. The atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration hit 417 ppm (parts per million) in May 2020, which was 414 ppm in May 2019 (Andrew & Chris 2020). The impact of man on the environment through his daily activities is complex and irreversible. Most of the intentional or unintentional causes are contributing to environmental pollution and changes in the ecosystem. There is no single cause that can be considered the main reason for environmental pollution, as most of them are interrelated. The following causes can be viewed as the main contributors to ecological damage and environmental pollution (Manisalidis et al 2020)
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