Biodeterioration of some historical monuments in Erzurum by vascular plants

Abstract

Cupolas are among the most important historical remains from the Seljuk Empire period in the Erzurum city center. Unfortunately, many vascular plants have been colonized on these cupolas. As is known, the colonization of vascular plants on historical structures causes severe damage. The research of vascular plants growing on the surface of historic buildings is necessary for the assessment of the risk of biodegradation of stones and maintenance planning. This study aimed to determine the deteriogenic vascular plants on the Three Cupolas and Double Minaret Madrasah Cupola, which are among Erzurum's most significant historical heritages, and also to investigate the effects of these plants on the deterioration of the stone structure of the cupolas. The species present on the wall and in the perimeter of each cupola were sampled and 47 plant species belonging to 19 families were identified. Plants were analyzed for diversity, structure, origin, and damage to historical structures, and the hazard index was applied to evaluate the impact of deteriogens. It was found that Acer negundo, Scrophularia libanotica, Artemisia armeniaca, Medicago sativa, and Melilotus officinalis were the most damaging plants to the cupolas. Various methods to wipe out deteriogenic vascular plants on the cupolas were discussed and suggestions were made. The results highlighted that building material and plant life form influence degradation in the cupolas and the importance of management strategies to eradicate vascular plants.