Abstract
The removal of antibiotics from the aquatic environment has received great interest. The aim of this study is to examine degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), amoxicillin (AMO), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in sludge. Four antibiotic-degrading bacterial strains, SF1 (Pseudmonas sp.), A12 (Pseudmonas sp.), strains B (Bacillus sp.), and SANA (Clostridium sp.), were isolated, identified and tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in this study. Batch experiments indicated that the addition of SF1 and A12 under aerobic conditions and the addition of B and SANA under anaerobic conditions increased the biodegradation of antibiotics in sludge. Moreover, the results of repeated addition experiments indicated that the efficiency of the biodegradation of antibiotics using the isolated bacterial strains could be maintained for three degradation cycles. Two groups of potential microbial communities associated with the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of SMX, AMO and CTC in sludge were revealed. Twenty-four reported antibiotics-degrading bacterial genera (Achromobacter, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Castellaniella, Comamonas, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Dechloromonas, Geobacter, Gordonia, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Novosphingobium, Pandoraea, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Thauera, Treponema, Vibrio and Xanthobacter) were found in both the aerobic and anaerobic groups, suggesting that these 24 bacterial genera may be the major antibiotic-degrading bacteria in sludge.
Highlights
Antibiotics are discharged from animals and enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through the sewage system [1]
Twelve and eight bacterial strains with the ability to use CTC, AMO and SMX as carbon sources under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were isolated from the sludge samples
24 reported antibiotic-degrading bacterial genera (Achromobacter, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Castellaniella, Comamonas, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Dechloromonas, Geobacter, Gordonia, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Novosphingobium, Pandoraea, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Thauera, Treponema, Vibrio and Xanthobacter) are common to the aerobic and anaerobic groups. These results suggest that the 24 bacterial genera may be the major antibiotic-degrading bacteria in sludge
Summary
Antibiotics are discharged from animals (and humans) and enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) through the sewage system [1]. Antibiotics are not easy for wastewater treatment facilities to remove [2]. The release and persistence of antibiotics in the environments may lead to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria [3]. Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) act against most Gram-positive and many Gram-negative bacteria. SAs act as competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid synthetic pathway to inhibit the growth of bacteria [5]. Amoxicillin (AMO) is a β-lactam family antibiotic drug. This class of antibiotics disrupts bacterial cell walls during bacterial growth [9]. AMO in the environment may lead to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria [10]
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