Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of pineapple peel (PP) and pineapple crown leaves (PCL) as the substrate for vanillic acid and vanillin production. About 202 ± 18 mg L−1 and 120 ± 11 mg L−1 of ferulic acid was produced from the PP and PCL respectively. By applied response surface methodology, the ferulic acid yield was increased to 1055 ± 160 mg L−1 by treating 19.3% of PP for 76 min, and 328 ± 23 mg L−1 by treating 9.9% of PCL for 36 min in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 120 °C. The results revealed that PP extract was better than PCL extract for vanillic acid and vanillin production. Furthermore, the experiment also proved that large volume feeding was more efficient than small volume feeding for high vanillic acid and vanillin yield. Through large volume feeding, about 7 ± 2 mg L−1 of vanillic acid and 5 ± 1 mg L−1 of vanillin was successfully produced from PP extract via Aspergillus niger fermentation.
Highlights
Pineapple is one of the main commodities in Malaysia
5 mg of ferulic acid was produced from each gram of pineapple peel (PP), while only 3 mg of ferulic acid was produced from each gram of pineapple crown leaves (PCL)
This study proposes a novel use of the phenolic extracts of pineapple peel and crown leaves for the production of vanillic acid and vanillin
Summary
Pineapple is one of the main commodities in Malaysia. Its processing industry has been recognized as a highly potential industry by Ministry of Agriculture and Agrobased Industry of Malaysia (MOA). Pineapple industry is expected to expand at 5% per annum following the consistent acceleration of pineapple production. The export value of pineapple industry was predicted to increase from RM 161 mil. By the year of 2020 [1]. The development of the pineapple processing industry has simultaneously contributed to the accumulation of agricultural residues such as pineapple peel, crown leaves, core etc. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic by-products into vanillin by various fungi have been reported in several studies.
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