Bioconvective electromagnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanoliquid flow over a stretching sheet with stratification effects: a four-factor response surface optimized model

Abstract

The current work presents a theoretical investigation on the bioconvective electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching surface considering viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, and stratification effects. The highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the aid of effectual similarity transformations. The transmuted ODEs are then treated numerically using bvp4c (a finite difference-based built-in numerical procedure) in MATLAB. It is observed that an increase in the electric field parameter augments the velocity profile. It is also noted that the Nusselt number is a decreasing function of the thermal stratification parameter. Further, the influence of nanoparticle volume fraction of carbon nanotubes , the nanoparticle volume fraction of magnetite nanoparticles , Hartmann number , and electric field parameter on the drag coefficient has been statistically scrutinized utilizing the four-factor response surface methodology. The highest drag coefficient is experienced for smaller values of Hartmann number and larger values of electric field parameter. The current work finds application in cancer therapy, bio-microsystems, biomedical imaging, and therapeutic drug delivery.