Abstract
BackgroundGlobally, termites cause a great problem for the farmers which eat the stalk of the wheat, maize, and the sugarcane and also affect the growth of vegetables. For ecological farming system, biocontrol agents represent a vital implement in pest management policies. Biological control can play a probable, even more considerable part to reduce the adverse possessions of synthetic chemical pesticides.ResultsThe present study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of one heterorhabditid species and 4 steinernematid species against the termite species (Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Blattodea: Termitidae)) on filter paper bioassay and wooden logs. Among all tested species of the entomopathogenic nematodes, maximum mortality rates 100% were obtained by using Steinernema pakistanense N-KA.04 and S. bifurcatum N-KA.93 after 48 h of the application. S. siamkayai N-KA.12 mortality ranged (85–87%), followed by S. ceratophorum N-KA.57 (77–80%) and then Heterorhabditis indica N-KA.03 (70–77%) at the highest concentrations (350–650 IJs/ml).ConclusionsThe expansion of appropriate application products for the management of termite effectiveness, observing and timing of application, participation of farmers in checking, and judgment is essential to avert disasters of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in field conditions and to make farmers’ confident with the use of the most promising species of EPNs.
Highlights
Termites cause a great problem for the farmers which eat the stalk of the wheat, maize, and the sugarcane and affect the growth of vegetables
Filter paper bioassay In filter paper bioassay with 20 termites per Petri dish, the corrected mortalities were significantly affected by using Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) species (F = 51.032, df = 3, 24, P < 0.001) and the tested concentrations (F = 7.247, df = 2, 24, P = 0.003), with a significant interaction between the 2 factors (F = 2.674, df = 6, 24, P = 0.039)
The second highest mortal rate of termite achieved by S. siamkayai N-KA.12, followed by S. ceratophorum N-KA.57and H. indica NKA.03 at the 3 tested concentrations after 48 h (Fig. 1)
Summary
Termites cause a great problem for the farmers which eat the stalk of the wheat, maize, and the sugarcane and affect the growth of vegetables. Biological control program establishes a more ecologically tolerable substitute to traditional chemical control procedures. When efficaciously executed, it can yield long lasting, economical controlling pest populations with negligible ecofriendly disruption. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been found parasitizing the species in the orders of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera, and Isoptera. These nematodes deal with an ecologically innocuous substitute to chemical insecticides in the controlling of termites (Khan et al 2016). Synthetic pesticides which are used for the control of agricultural pests are directly board the human
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