Abstract
Bacteriophages have been suggested as natural food preservatives as well as rapid detection materials for food-borne pathogens in various foods. Since Listeria monocytogenes-targeting phage cocktail (ListShield) was approved for applications in foods, numerous phages have been screened and experimentally characterized for phage applications in foods. A single phage and phage cocktail treatments to various foods contaminated with food-borne pathogens including E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Vibrio spp. revealed that they have great potential to control various food-borne pathogens and may be alternative for conventional food preservatives. In addition, phage-derived endolysins with high host specificity and host lysis activities may be preferred to food applications rather than phages. For rapid detection of food-borne pathogens, cell-wall binding domains (CBDs) from endolysins have been suggested due to their high host-specific binding. Fluorescence-tagged CBDs have been successfully evaluated and suggested to be alternative materials of expensive antibodies for various detection applications. Most recently, reporter phage systems have been developed and tested to confirm their usability and accuracy for specific detection. These systems revealed some advantages like rapid detection of only viable pathogenic cells without interference by food components in a very short reaction time, suggesting that these systems may be suitable for monitoring of pathogens in foods. Consequently, phage is the next-generation biocontrol agent as well as rapid detection tool to confirm and even identify the food-borne pathogens present in various foods.
Highlights
Food safety is one of the major concerns due to threatening human health by various foodborne pathogens
cell-wall binding domains (CBDs) from S. aureus-targeting endolysin plyV12 was used to concentrate the host cell via immunomagnetic separation method and demonstrated that these CBD-coated beads could detect up to 400 CFU of S. aureuscontaminated milk in 1.5 h (Yu et al, 2016). These findings suggest that these bacterial concentration and detection methods of various food-borne pathogens could be implemented for food applications (Yu et al, 2016)
Phages are considered as natural food preservatives as well as rapid detection tools of food-borne pathogens
Summary
Food safety is one of the major concerns due to threatening human health by various foodborne pathogens. SalmoFresh (Intralytix), a cocktail of six Salmonella-targeting phage, was approved as GRAS status by FDA in 2013 (Sharma, 2013) These phage products are allowed to use in foods as food preservatives to control specific food-borne pathogens. This phage cocktail treatment showed 6.3 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and minimized the appearance of Bacteriophage Insensitive Mutants (BIMs) Application of this phage cocktail or DT6 to a beef sample at 24◦C for 6 h revealed that the phage cocktail treatment (2.58 log reduction) was more effective than DT6 treatment alone (0.74 log reduction), suggesting that phage cocktail is more effective for control of food-borne pathogen than a single phage (Tomat et al, 2013b).
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