Abstract
Prostate cancer is a dominant global threat to society. It affects nearly 4000 men in South Africa annually, making it the second most threatening cancerous disease after lung cancer. A potential serological biomarker to monitor early diagnosis of prostate cancer is prostate specific antigen (PSA). We used the PSA biomarker in our work to develop an extremely sensitive electrochemical immunosensor to achieve low detection limits. The fabrication steps followed with the combination of thioglycolic acid capped osmium telluride quantum dots (TGA-OsTe2QD)-polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite and prostate specific antigen modified on a glassy carbon electrode. The UV-Vis signatures of TGA-OsTe2QD-PPy showed an absorption band at 262 nm which is attributed to the PPy and TGA-OsTe2QD composite. This band corresponds to the energy band gap of 4.4 and 5.4 eV. The CV responses of BSA|Ab|TGA-OsTe2QD|PPy|GCE modified electrode to prostate specific antigen (PSA) was studied within a range of 0–16 ng/mL PSA that was linear, herein referred to as liner range (LR), which produced a limit of detection (LOD) value of 0.36 ng/mL PSA. The values of the immunosensor’s calibration parameters (LR and LOD) make them suitable for real sample application, due to their coverage of the PSA concentration range (0–14 ng/mL) that is of clinical importance.
Highlights
Published: 7 December 2021Prostate cancer is a global threat to society due to its highly prevalent rate in males.The WHO determines prostate cancer to be the second leading cause of morbidity amongst the male population, counting more than 4000 cases in South Africa annually
The absorbance band at 230 nm is ascribed to the thioglycolic acid (TGA) capping agent which is in good agreement with previous findings on analogous mercaptocarboxylic acid molecules [21]
The formation of TGA-OsTe2 quantum dot (QD) was determined by the absorbance band appearing at 400 nm [23]
Summary
Prostate cancer is a global threat to society due to its highly prevalent rate in males. High PSA levels and other cancer appearing symptoms such as infection, inflammation or enlargement of prostate may not directly relate to this disease. These limitations in clinical assessment could be misleading and has a considerable ambiguity in a proper diagnosis [3]. Conducting polymers, PPy used in this work, are commonly chosen in electrochemical experiments due to their biocompatible and inert nature They prevent fouling of electrodes and cause minimal interference to electroactive materials [16]. The electrochemical immunosensor for prostate specific antigen (PSA) was prepared by immobilizing anti-PSA antibody onto the TGA-OsTe2 QD|PPy|GCE modified electrode for 6 h
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