Biocompatible natural deep eutectic solvent-based extraction and cellulolytic enzyme-mediated transformation of Pueraria mirifica isoflavones: a sustainable approach for increasing health-bioactive constituents

Fonthip Makkliang,Suppalak Phaisan,Boondaree Siriwarin,Seiichi Sakamoto,Attapon Sakdamas,Gorawit Yusakul,Natthapon Chuphol,Waraporn Putalun

doi:10.1186/s40643-021-00428-9

Abstract

The presence of specific gut microflora limits the biotransformation of Pueraria mirifica isoflavone (PMI) glycosides into absorbable aglycones, thus limiting their health benefits. Cellulolytic enzyme-assisted extraction (CAE) potentially solves this issue; however, solvent extraction requires recovery of the hydrophobic products. Here, we established the simultaneous transformation and extraction of PMIs using cellulolytic enzymes and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). The NADES compositions were optimized to allow the use of NADESs as CAE media, and the extraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were 14.7% (v/v) choline chloride:propylene glycol (1:2 mol ratio, ChCl:PG) at 56.1 °C for the cellulolytic enzyme (262 mU/mL) reaction in which daidzin and genistin were extracted and wholly transformed to their aglycones daidzein and genistein. The extraction of PMIs using ChCl:PG is more efficient than that using conventional solvents; additionally, biocompatible ChCl:PG enhances cellulolytic enzyme activity, catalyzing the transformation of PMIs into compounds with higher estrogenicity and absorbability.

Highlights

Phytoestrogens of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (PM) have been used as functional health foods
This study aims to optimize the Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composition for β-glucosidase activity and determine the optimal parameters for simultaneous Pueraria mirifica isoflavone (PMI) transformation and extraction
The results demonstrated the relative activity, which was the ratio of the catalytic activity of cellulolytic enzymes in NADESs to the activity in the buffer (Fig. 2)

Summary

Introduction

Phytoestrogens of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (PM) have been used as functional health foods. Mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (PM) have been used as functional health foods. They act as estrogen substances, as proven by clinical studies (Kongkaew et al 2018). S-equol production in patients is associated with reduced vasomotor symptoms (Newton et al 2015). The primary factor for S-equol production is the presence of specific intestinal bacteria capable of converting daidzin (DZ) to daidzein (DZe) and DZe to S-equol, consecutively (Setchell et al 2013). Bifidobacterium spp., Slackia spp., and other bacteria convert the resultant aglycone into equol (Braune and Blaut 2016). Older menopausal women with low levels of isoflavone-metabolizing bacteria may experience little or no benefit from isoflavone phytoestrogens.

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