Abstract
In this work, valuable biocompatible Ag/Fe-enhanced TiO2 nanoparticles are comparatively prepared by a conventional wet chemistry method (sol-gel) and a rapid, efficient, hybrid unconventional method (microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis). In order to establish their application as effective compounds in sunscreens, the obtained powders were first structurally and morphologically characterized, analyses from which their nanodimensional character, crystalline structure and thermal behavior were highlighted. The evaluation of sunscreen effectiveness is based on the determination of the sun protection factor (SPF). It was observed that silver enhancing increases the SPF significantly, especially when compared to the pristine samples. The obtained Ag/Fe-enhanced TiO2 powders were also evaluated from the point of view of their biocompatibility on amniotic fluid stem cells, and the results indicated an enhance of cell proliferation when exposed to the synthesized nanostructures.
Highlights
Throughout life, there are many factors that can lead to skin degradation, but the most common one is the exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV)
The biocompatibility of the obtained Ag/Fe-enhanced TiO2 powders with AFSC was evaluated based on fluorescence microscopy using RED CMTPX fluorophore (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, MA, USA), which is a cell tracker for long-term tracing of living cells
The CMTPX tracker was added in cell culture treated with the nanoparticles and the viability and morphology of the AFSC was evaluated after 5 days
Summary
Throughout life, there are many factors that can lead to skin degradation, but the most common one is the exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV). The UV exposure amplifies nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, that in high levels becomes detrimental to the human body and interacts as a free radical with ROS to produce additional NO end-products [4,5]. To prevent these adverse effects of UV radiation, scientists have introduced sunscreen creams. Even though organic filters (aminobenzoic acid, avobenzone, octocrylene, oxybenzone) are widely used in sunscreens, they produce a series of unwanted reactions due to their ability to penetrate the skin, influence hormonal activity and generate chemical reactions at skin level [7]
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