Biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 as a drug delivery to osteomyelitis

Abstract

Nowadays, the drug delivery systems are considered as a strategy to decrease the side effects and increase the therapeutic effect of antibiotics in osteomyelitis. In the present study, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, and biofilm inhibitory effects of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined. The antimicrobial and biofilm effects of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 were studied against P. aeruginosa by minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), respectively. Biocompatibility of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 was examined by the effect on the hemolysis rate of human red blood cells (HRBCs) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The SDS-PAGE assay was performed to show the protein-gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 interaction by human blood plasma. Cytotoxicity of the gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 was determined by the MTT assay (hBM-MSC cell viability). In the current study, the gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 has shown antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against all isolates at different concentrations higher than MICs and BICs of gentamicin. Gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 has no significant effect on HRBCs hemolysis and ESR. A low interaction of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 was observed with apolipoprotein A1 with a molecular weight of 28 kDa than albumin in HBP (66.5 kDa). The viability of hBM-MSC cells treated with serial concentrations of gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 was 95–100%. According to these results, gentamicin-loaded CaCO3 display the favorable biocompatibility characterization, cytotoxicity; and antibacterial and biofilm activities and can be a promising option for chronic and untreatable osteomyelitis.