Abstract
The principal focus of this work is the in-depth analysis of the biological efficiency of inorganic calcium-filled bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogel scaffolds for their future use in bone tissue engineering/bioengineering. Inorganic calcium was filled in the form of calcium phosphate (β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA)) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The additional calcium, CaCO3 was incorporated following in vitro bio-mineralization. Cell viability study was performed with the extracts of BC based hydrogel scaffolds: BC-PVP, BC-CMC; BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3; respectively. The biocompatibility study was performed with two different cell lines, i.e., human fibroblasts, Lep-3 and mouse bone explant cells. Each hydrogel scaffold has facilitated notable growth and proliferation in presence of these two cell types. Nevertheless, the percentage of DNA strand breaks was higher when cells were treated with BC-CMC based scaffolds i.e., BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3. On the other hand, the apoptosis of human fibroblasts, Lep-3 was insignificant in BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed the efficient adhesion and growth of Lep-3 cells throughout the surface of BC-PVP and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. Hence, among all inorganic calcium filled hydrogel scaffolds, ‘BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA’ was recommended as an efficient tissue engineering scaffold which could facilitate the musculoskeletal (i.e., bone tissue) engineering/bioengineering.
Highlights
Bone is an important part of the animal musculoskeletal system
Many studies showed that osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures worldwide annually; with a condition where an osteoporotic fracture occurs in every 3s [3]
The novel inorganic calcium filled scaffolds “bacterial cellulose (BC)-PVP-β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP)/HA”, “BC-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-β-TCP/HA”, “BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3”, and “BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3” were prepared and their biocompatibility and biological efficiency were evaluated in order to recommend for its application for bone tissue engineering/bioengineering, where, the “BC-PVP” and “BC-CMC” scaffolds were considered as a control set of scaffolds
Summary
Bone is an important part of the animal musculoskeletal system. The structural framework of an animal is preserved by the bones through modelling and remodeling events [1,2]. Extensive research indicated that bone related disorders like osteoporosis affect 75 million individuals throughout Europe, USA and Japan. Many studies showed that osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures worldwide annually; with a condition where an osteoporotic fracture occurs in every 3s [3]. The possible treatment methods for this comprise the use of either auto/allografts or ceramic coated/inert metallic implants, which in many cases are far too expensive for application [4]. The hydrogel based bioactive scaffold can become a notable approach in bone tissue engineering/bone bioengineering; due to its osteo-conduction and osteo-induction properties, notable mechanical property and further its cost-effective production attributes [5]
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