Biochemical regulation of isoprene emission

Abstract

ABSTRACTIsoprene (C5H8) is emitted from many plants and has a substantial effect on atmospheric chemistry. There are several models to estimate the rate of isoprene emission used to calculate the impact of isoprene on atmospheric processes. The rate of isoprene synthesis will depend either on the activity of isoprene synthase or the availability of its substrate dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). To investigate long‐term regulation of isoprene synthesis, the isoprene emission rate of 15 kudzu leaves was measured. The chloroplast DMAPP level of the five leaves with the highest emission rates and the five leaves with the lowest rates were determined by non‐aqueous fractionation of the bulked leaf samples. Leaves with high basal emission rates had low levels of DMAPP whereas leaves with low basal emission rates had high DMAPP levels in their chloroplasts indicating that the activity of isoprene synthase exerts primary control over the basal emission rate. To investigate short‐term regulation, isoprene precursors were fed to leaves. Feeding dideuterated deoxyxylulose (DOX‐d2) to Eucalyptus leaves resulted in the emission of dideuterated isoprene. Results from DOX‐d2 feeding experiments indicated that control of isoprene emission rate was shared between reactions upstream and downstream of the DOX entry into isoprene metabolism. In CO2‐free air DOX always increased isoprene emission indicating that carbon availability was an important control factor. In N2, isoprene emission stopped and could not be recovered by adding DOX‐d2. Taken together, these results indicate that the regulation of isoprene emission is shared among several steps and the relative importance of the different steps in controlling isoprene emission varies with conditions.